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| 1 | |
Which of the following statements is most accurate? |
| | A) | Method of Agreement reasoning is best suited as a method for forming hypotheses to be tested in some other way, such as an experiment involving Method of Difference reasoning. |
| | B) | Method of Difference reasoning is best suited as a method for forming hypotheses to be tested in some other way, such as an experiment involving Method of Agreement reasoning. |
| | C) | Due to their similarities, both answers could be true. |
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| 2 | |
Which of the following is the best definition of "causal mechanism"? |
| | A) | the way in which explanations work |
| | B) | the best method of forming a hypothesis |
| | C) | an interface between a cause and effect |
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| 3 | |
Which of the following best describes a controlled cause-to-effect experiment? |
| | A) | It is an experiment where a random sample of the target population is itself randomly divided into two groups, an experimental and a control. |
| | B) | It is an experiment where the causal factor is applied in a controlled manner to one group and in an uncontrolled manner to the other group. |
| | C) | It is an experiment where a sample of the target population is intentionally exposed to the causal factor in question. |
| | D) | It is an experiment where records are kept. |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following best differentiates between the experimental and the control groups of an experiment? |
| | A) | The control group is exposed to the suspected causal factor while the experimental group is not. |
| | B) | The experimental group is exposed to the suspected causal factor while the control group is not. |
| | C) | The only relevant difference is the name. The groups simply serve as two samples in the same experiment. |
| | D) | While being exposed to a suspected causal agent, the experimental group is unrestrained while the control group is restrained. |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following best differentiates between a controlled cause-to-effect experiment and a nonexperimental cause-to-effect study? |
| | A) | The experimental study is looking for a suspected cause while the nonexperimental study is looking for the effect. |
| | B) | In the nonexperimental study the researchers are the ones intentionally exposing members of the target population to the suspected causal agent while in the experimental study they aren't. |
| | C) | In the experimental study the researchers are the ones intentionally exposing members of the experimental group to the suspected causal agent while in the nonexperimental study they aren't. |
| | D) | They are two names for the same thing. |
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| 6 | |
When the difference in frequency of the effect between the experimental and control groups is said to be statistically significant, a scientist means which of the following? |
| | A) | The difference in frequency is at least fifty percent. |
| | B) | The difference is such that it is unreasonable to conclude that it is due simply to random chance. |
| | C) | The difference is at least .05 percent. |
| | D) | The difference is significant enough to publish. |
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| 7 | |
What type of investigation produces a causal claim in the following example? "Macfarlane tested whether a newborn would discriminate between, on the one hand, the smell of his mother and her milk, and, on the other hand, the smell of another mother and her milk. The smells came from gauze pads that the mothers had kept within their brassieres to absorb any milk seeping out. Along one side of the baby's face, Macfarlane draped a pad from the baby's mother; along the other side he draped a pad from another mother. Thirty-two two-day-olds showed no sign of discriminating one pad from the other: roughly half of them turned toward each pad. However, more than two-thirds of the six-day-olds he tested turned toward their mother's pad, as did more than three-fourths of the eight- to ten-day-olds. Young babies prefer the familiar to the unfamiliar: here they recognized their mother's odor, and turned toward it." (Daphne Maurer and Charles Maurer, The World of the Newborn) |
| | A) | controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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| 8 | |
What type of investigation produces a causal claim in the following example? "Dr. Ian Wilmut fused 277 sheep udder-cells with an equal number of sheep eggs. Twenty-nine of the eggs developed into embryos, which Dr. Wilmut implanted into other sheep (surrogate mothers). Thirteen became pregnant; of these, one carried the pregnancy to term and gave birth to a live lamb, Dolly. So cloning does produce new lambs. But since pregnant animals usually proceed to live birth in two-thirds of all cases (once embryos have been implanted in the uterus), the last step of this process seems to be plagued by an as yet undetermined impediment." |
| | A) | controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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| 9 | |
What type of investigation produces a causal claim in the following example? "Our study looked at 310 residents of Roanoke, Virginia. About 70 percent favored the use of the death penalty in at least some cases; the other 30 percent opposed its use under any circumstances. Among women who had undergone an abortion, only 5 percent opposed the death penalty in all cases, whereas 23 percent of women who had not had an abortion opposed it. So either women who value life less in the first place are more likely to have abortions, or women who have abortions come to value life less as a result of the experience." |
| | A) | controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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| 10 | |
What type of investigation produces a causal claim in the following example? "Before birth, the fetus hears the mother's heartbeat at a volume of about 95 decibels. Do newborns feel comforted by a comparably loud heartbeat in the hospital nursery? To test this hypothesis, researchers at a hospital near New York's LaGuardia airport played a heartbeat at 85 decibels, and found that the infants cried less and gained more weight when the heartbeat was played than when it was not." (Lee Salk, Scientific American 1973) |
| | A) | controlled cause-to-effect experiment |
| | B) | nonexperimental cause-to-effect study |
| | C) | nonexperimental effect-to-cause study |
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