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A(n) is bad reasoning, usually in the narrow sense of bad argumentation not based on irrelevant appeals to emotions. |
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Whatever specific form it takes, the fallacy mixes up what a claim is saying with the circumstances under which it is said. |
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The simplest form of the ad hominem fallacy is the ad hominem, which maligns a person in order to dismiss that person's beliefs. |
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A more specialized ad hominem fallacy goes by the name of the ad hominem, in which one dismisses a claim on the grounds that there is a disconnect in what the speaker is trying to communicate. |
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The ad hominem, often very close to a personal attack, reduces what someone says to the beliefs of some group that person belongs to. |
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In another twist on the ad hominem, one is by impugning a person's character before that person has even said anything. |
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The fallacy, a very broad category of the ad hominem, rejects a claim on the grounds of its source. |
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The fallacy of attacking a consists in arguing against a distorted or simplified version of what someone has said, and treating the argument you give as if it brought down what the person really did say. |
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A(n) assumes that only two alternatives exist in a given situation, so that anyone who does not agree with the first alternative has to accept the second one. |
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The uses a false dilemma in a special way; it first assumes that the only two options for action are the perfect success for that action and nothing good at all; then it rejects any proposed action that will not work perfectly. |
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Another variant of the false dilemma, the fallacy, arises when discussing vague concepts. |
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One invokes a fallacy when predicting that if one thing happens, or is permitted to happen, another thing (always a very undesirable thing) will eventually result. |
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is the view that an absence of evidence against a claim counts as evidence for that claim. |
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The would-be defense of a claim that relies on the very claim it purports to prove is . |
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