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| 1 | |
Consider the following example and decide what the subject term is and what the predicate term is. "Some disks are storage devices that hold more than 100 megabytes of data." |
| | A) | Subject: storage devices. Predicate: disks that hold more than 100 megabytes of data. |
| | B) | Subject: disks. Predicate: storage devices that hold more than 100 megabytes of data. |
| | C) | Subject: storage devices that hold more than 100 megabytes of data. Predicate: disks. |
| | D) | Subject: disks that hold more than 100 megabytes of data. Predicate: storage devices. |
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| 2 | |
Consider the following claim and determine which of the types of claims below it matches: "No birds are mammals." |
| | A) | E |
| | B) | A |
| | C) | I |
| | D) | O |
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| 3 | |
Consider the following claim and determine which of the types of claims below it matches: "Some birds can't fly." |
| | A) | A |
| | B) | E |
| | C) | O |
| | D) | I |
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| 4 | |
Consider the following claim and determine which of the types of claims below it matches: "All birds have hollow bones." |
| | A) | O |
| | B) | A |
| | C) | E |
| | D) | I |
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| 5 | |
Consider the following claim and determine which of the types of claims below it matches: "Some birds can swim." |
| | A) | A |
| | B) | I |
| | C) | E |
| | D) | O |
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| 6 | |
Which of the following types of claims are correctly called "affirmative"? |
| | A) | A and I |
| | B) | I and O |
| | C) | E and A |
| | D) | O and E |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following types of claims are correctly called "negative"? |
| | A) | I and E |
| | B) | E and O |
| | C) | O and A |
| | D) | A and I |
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| 8 | |
Which of the following is the best definition of "equivalent categorical claims"? |
| | A) | Two claims are equivalent if they have the same subject or predicate terms. |
| | B) | Two claims are equivalent if they have the same subject and predicate terms. |
| | C) | Two claims are equivalent if and only if they would be true in exactly the same situations. |
| | D) | Two claims are equivalent if and only if they have the same subject and predicate terms. |
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| 9 | |
Which is the best translation for this claim: "Only cable modems are fast enough for online gaming." |
| | A) | All modems fast enough for online gaming are cable modems. |
| | B) | All cable modems are fast enough for online gaming. |
| | C) | Some cable modems are modems fast enough for online gaming. |
| | D) | Some cable modems are not modems fast enough for online gaming. |
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| 10 | |
Which is the best translation for this claim: "Motivated students are the only students who should take online classes." |
| | A) | All students who should take online classes are motivated students. |
| | B) | Some motivated students are students who should take online classes. |
| | C) | All motivated students are students who should take online classes. |
| | D) | Some students who should take online classes are motivated students. |
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| 11 | |
Which of the following is true of contrary claims? |
| | A) | They always have opposite truth values. |
| | B) | They can both be false but they can't both be true. |
| | C) | They can both be true and false. |
| | D) | They can both be true but they can't both be false. |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following is true of subcontrary claims? |
| | A) | They can both be false but they can't both be true. |
| | B) | They can both be true and false. |
| | C) | They always have opposite truth values. |
| | D) | They can both be true but they can't both be false. |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following is true of contradictory claims? |
| | A) | They can both be false but they can't both be true. |
| | B) | They can both be true and false. |
| | C) | They can both be true but they can't both be false. |
| | D) | They always have opposite truth values. |
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| 14 | |
Which of the following is the best description of how to perform the operation of conversion? |
| | A) | Switch the position of the subject term and the predicate term. |
| | B) | Switch the position of the subject and predicate terms and then replace both terms with their compliments. |
| | C) | Change the claim from affirmative to negative (or from negative to affirmative) and then replace the predicate term with its complement. |
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| 15 | |
Which of the following types of claims can you perform conversion on and end up with a logically equivalent claim? |
| | A) | E and I |
| | B) | A, E, I, and O |
| | C) | A and E |
| | D) | I and O |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following is the best description of how to perform the operation of obversion? |
| | A) | Switch the position of the subject term and the predicate term. |
| | B) | Switch the position of the subject and predicate terms and then replace both terms with their compliments. |
| | C) | Change the claim from affirmative to negative (or from negative to affirmative) and then replace the predicate term with its compliment. |
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| 17 | |
Which of the following types of claims can you perform obversion on and end up with a logically equivalent claim? |
| | A) | A and E |
| | B) | I and O |
| | C) | E and I |
| | D) | A, E, I, and O |
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| 18 | |
Which of the following is the best description of how to perform the operation of contraposition? |
| | A) | Change the claim from affirmative to negative (or from negative to affirmative) and then replace the predicate term with its complement. |
| | B) | Switch the position of the subject and predicate terms and then replace both terms with their complements. |
| | C) | Switch the position of the subject term and the predicate term. |
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| 19 | |
Which of the following types of claims can you perform contraposition on and end up with a logically equivalent claim? |
| | A) | E and I |
| | B) | A, E, I, and O |
| | C) | A and O |
| | D) | I and O |
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| 20 | |
Which of the following is the best definition for the major term in a categorical syllogism? |
| | A) | the term that occurs in both of the premises but not in the conclusion |
| | B) | the term that occurs as the subject term in the syllogism's conclusion |
| | C) | the term that occurs as a predicate term in the syllogism's conclusion |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following is the best definition for the minor term in a categorical syllogism? |
| | A) | the term that occurs as the predicate term in the syllogism's conclusion |
| | B) | the term that occurs as the subject term in the syllogism's conclusion |
| | C) | the term that occurs in both of the premises but not in the conclusion |
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| 22 | |
Which of the following is the best definition for the middle term in a categorical syllogism? |
| | A) | the term that occurs as the subject term in the syllogism's conclusion |
| | B) | the term that occurs in both of the premises but not in the conclusion |
| | C) | the term that occurs as the predicate term in the syllogism's conclusion |
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| 23 | |
Which of the following is the best definition of validity? |
| | A) | An argument is valid if its premises are true and its conclusion is true. |
| | B) | An argument is valid if and only if the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion. |
| | C) | An argument is valid if its premises are true. |
| | D) | An argument is valid if its conclusion is true. |
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| 24 | |
Which of the following conclusions can logically be inferred from the following sentences? "No shoes but loafers are sold in this store. The shoes sold here can be expensive." |
| | A) | Only expensive shoes are sold in this store. |
| | B) | All expensive shoes are loafers. |
| | C) | All loafers are sold in this store. |
| | D) | Some loafers are expensive. |
| | E) | No expensive loafers are sold in this store. |
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| 25 | |
Which of the following exhibits the same logical flaw as this argument? "Only children are trapeze artists. Some circus performers are only children. Therefore, some circus performers are trapeze artists." |
| | A) | All toddlers are big eaters. Some girls are toddlers. Therefore, some girls are big eaters. |
| | B) | Only human beings cool off by perspiring. Some team mascots are human beings. Therefore, some team mascots cool off by perspiring. |
| | C) | Only you are an expert on soft-coal mining. Some experts on soft-coal mining are consultants. Therefore, only you are a consultant. |
| | D) | Only Hard-Lee-Hott air conditioners are energy-efficient. My air conditioners are Hard-Lee-Hott air conditioners. Therefore, my air conditioners are energy-efficient. |
| | E) | Any friend of Pat's is a friend of mine. Any friend of mine is a friend of philosophy. Therefore, any friend of Pat's is a friend of philosophy. |
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| 26 | |
Which of the following most closely resembles the reasoning given in this argument? "Every successful mechanic uses cast-iron wrenches. Some mechanics use wrenches made of something besides cast iron. So some mechanics are not successful." |
| | A) | All valid syllogisms are incapable of surprising you. Some syllogisms are not at all able to surprise you. So some syllogisms are not valid. |
| | B) | Everything worth doing is worth doing right. Everything boring is not worth doing right. So boring things are not worth doing. |
| | C) | Every good bicycle has hand brakes. Some messengers' bikes are not good bicycles. So some messengers' bikes don't have hand brakes. |
| | D) | Every happy adult was once a grouchy teenager. Grouchy teenagers fly into fits of anger. So some happy adults fly into fits of anger. |
| | E) | A tape recorder is a sophisticated piece of equipment. Some home appliances are unsophisticated pieces of equipment. Therefore, some home appliances are not tape recorders. |
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