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I. The Interest-Group System A. Economic Groups 1. Types of Economic Groups 2. An Organizational Edge B. Citizens' Groups 1. The Free-Rider Problem 2. Types of Citizens' Groups C. A Special Category of Interest Group: Governments II. Inside Lobbying: Seeking Influence through Official Contacts A. Acquiring Access to Officials 1. Lobbying Congress 2. Lobbying Executive Agencies 3. Lobbying the Courts B. Webs of Influence: Groups in the Policy Process 1. Iron Triangles 2. Issue Networks III. Outside Lobbying: Seeking Influence through Public Pressure A. Constituency Advocacy: Grassroots Lobbying B. Electoral Action: Votes and PAC Money IV. The Group System: Indispensable but Biased A. The Contribution of Groups to Self-Government: Pluralism B. Flaws in Pluralism: Interest-Group Liberalism and Economic Bias C. A Madisonian Dilemma |