This chapter introduces students to the functions served by elections in all types of regimes. The difficulty of conducting elections in new democracies is also explored. Types of electoral systems are presented. Proportional representation (PR) and single-member district plurality (SMDP) systems are compared with regard to their direct and indirect effects. The chapter then briefly discusses referenda, factors influencing participation, the "paradox of voting," and the factors that affect the choices voters make at the polls.