This chapter introduces students to the concept of the "state." It starts by asking why the state has come to be so central in politics. Some historical background is provided tracing the development of the modern state.  Sovereignty is a key concept.  Next, the chapter looks at the relationship between the "state" and the "nation" and provides examples of the problems that arise between the two. State-building is discussed. The chapter ends with an overview of some of the ways the state is being challenged "from above" and "from below." Some possible alternatives to the state are presented. The development of what is now the Europe Union (E.U.) is a key example.