C6   Identify and describe the three major activities in organizations.

This appendix explains how the accounting equation is derived from business activities.

There are three major types of business activities: financing, investing, and operating. Each of these requires planning. Planning involves defining an organization’s ideas, goals, and actions. Most public corporations use the Management Discussion and Analysis section in their annual reports to communicate plans. However, planning is not cast in stone. This adds risk to both setting plans and analyzing them.

Point: Management must understand accounting data to set financial goals, make financing and investing decisions, and evaluate operating performance.

Point: Investing (assets) and financing (liabilities plus equity) totals are always equal.

Financing   Financing activities provide the means organizations use to pay for resources such as land, buildings, and equipment to carry out plans. Organizations are careful in acquiring and managing financing activities because they can determine success or failure. The two sources of financing are owner and nonowner. Owner financing refers to resources contributed by the owner along with any income the owner leaves in the organization. Nonowner (or creditor) financing refers to resources contributed by creditors (lenders). Financial management is the task of planning how to obtain these resources and to set the right mix between owner and creditor financing.

Investing   Investing activities are the acquiring and disposing of resources (assets) that an organization uses to acquire and sell its products or services. Assets are funded by an organization’s financing. Organizations differ on the amount and makeup of assets. Some require land and factories to operate. Others need only an office. Determining the amount and type of assets for operations is called asset management.

Invested amounts are referred to as assets. Financing is made up of creditor and owner financing, which hold claims on assets. Creditors’ claims are called liabilities, and the owner’s claim is called equity. This basic equality is called the accounting equation and can be written as: Assets = Liabilities + Equity.

Operating   Operating activities involve using resources to research, develop, purchase, produce, distribute, and market products and services. Sales and revenues are the inflow of assets from selling products and services. Costs and expenses are the outflow of assets to support operating activities. Strategic management is the process of determining the right mix of operating activities for the type of organization, its plans, and its market.

Exhibit 1B.1 summarizes business activities. Planning is part of each activity and gives them meaning and focus. Investing (assets) and financing (liabilities and equity) are set opposite each other to stress their balance. Operating activities are below investing and financing activities to show that operating activities are the result of investing and financing.

Exhibit 1B.1	Activities in Organizations
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Exercises  1-19b

Problems  1-13Ab, 1-14Ab, 1-13Bb, 1-14Bb