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Student Quizzes
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1
The scientific process of discovering and weighing the dangers posed by a pollutant is known as:
A)risk management.
B)hazard identification.
C)epidemiological study.
D)risk assessment.
2
The process of deciding what action to take in terms of the specific risks of a pollutant is:
A)risk management.
B)dose-response assessment.
C)hazard identification.
D)risk assessment.
3
Which of the following statements about hazard assessment is true?
A)It is a largely scientific process of discovering and weighing dangers posed by a pollutant.
B)It is the process of deciding which regulatory action to take to protect the public from the risk posed by a pollutant.
C)It is the process of establishing a link between a substance, such as a chemical, and human disease.
D)It is a probability existing somewhere between zero and absolute certainty that a harm will occur.
4
A statistical survey designed to show a relationship between human mortality and morbidity and environmental factors such as chemicals is:
A)hazard assessment.
B)risk management.
C)risk assessment.
D)epidemiological study.
5
A quantitative estimate of how toxic a substance is to humans at increasing levels of exposure is:
A)exposure assessment.
B)dose-response assessment.
C)risk assessment.
D)hazard assessment.
6
A relationship in which adverse health affects increase or decrease proportionately with the amount of exposure to a toxic substance is known as:
A)dualism.
B)environmental management system.
C)linear dose-response rate.
D)deep ecology.
7
The study of how much of a substance people absorb through inhalation, ingestion, or skin is:
A)risk assessment.
B)hazard assessment.
C)exposure assessment.
D)dose-response assessment.
8
An exposure point greater than zero at which a substance begins to pose a health risk is known as:
A)linear dose-response rate.
B)threshold.
C)extrapolation.
D)risk factor.
9
An overall conclusion about the dangers of a substance is:
A)risk assessment.
B)risk management.
C)dose-response assessment.
D)risk characterization.
10
Risk assessment attempts to use _____, while risk management tries to base decisions on:
A)natural sciences; social sciences.
B)social sciences; formal sciences.
C)physical sciences; formal sciences.
D)formal sciences; natural sciences.
11
The calculation of the costs and benefits of a proposed regulation are known as:
A)risk assessment.
B)cost-benefit analysis.
C)risk characterization.
D)command-and-control regulation.
12
Which of the following statements about cost-benefit analysis is false?
A)It is the systematic calculation and comparison of the costs and benefits of a proposed regulation.
B)It identifies costs and benefits and assigns them monetary values.
C)It injects emotional calculation into rational arguments.
D)It illuminates the economic consequences of regulatory alternatives.
13
All of the following statements are advantages of cost-benefit analysis EXCEPT:
A)it forces methodical consideration of each impact a policy will have on social welfare.
B)it places the costs and benefits of a program on a single party.
C)it shows the net social benefits of a regulation in monetary terms.
D)it helps regulators find the most efficient level of regulation when analysis reveals marginal abatement costs.
14
The process of asking people how much of a dollar amount to place on some aspect of nature is called:
A)contingent valuation.
B)cap and trade.
C)risk assessment.
D)market incentive regulation.
15
The practice of regulating by setting uniform standards, strictly enforcing rules, and using penalties to force compliance is:
A)flexible enforcement.
B)required disclosure.
C)command-and-control regulation.
D)market incentive regulation.
16
Which of the following statements about cap and trade is true?
A)It enforces predictable and uniform standards.
B)It gives polluters financial motives to control pollution.
C)It substitutes revenues from taxes on pollution for revenues from taxes on productivity.
D)It is a market-based policy of pollution abatement in which a limit is set on emissions.
17
Another term for emission trading programs is:
A)environmental tax reform programs.
B)cap-and-trade programs.
C)command-and-control regulations.
D)market incentive regulations.
18
An EPA program that requires facilities handling any of 650 hazardous chemicals to disclose amounts each year that are released or transferred is:
A)CDM.
B)TRI.
C)EMS.
D)ISO 14001.
19
When proactive companies set up methods for aligning corporate strategies and policies with principles that protect ecosystems, it is known as a(n):
A)environmental tax reform.
B)command-and-control program.
C)environmental management system.
D)market incentive program.
20
When industrial activity creates a risk to human health or ecosystems, the call for restraint is based on the:
A)precautionary principle.
B)command-and-control principle.
C)risk assessment principle.
D)risk management principle.





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