Anthropology uses the scientific method of inquiry to generate testable hypotheses to explain the real world and then tests those hypotheses with the goal of deriving theories—broad explanatory principles. Belief systems are another method of inquiry. Beliefs are taken on faith. They are not open to testing in a scientific way, though many of us regularly test our beliefs on a personal level.

Although it may seem that belief and science are eternally at odds with one another—and while conflicts between the two do arise—both methods of inquiry are essential for the smooth operation of any cultural system. Any culture requires both scientific knowledge (what is possible) and belief (what is desirable) in order to function and survive.

Anthropology is a science in that it attempts to explain observed phenomena of human biology and culture, and it does so by generating and testing hypotheses. In the process, we achieve a better understanding of ourselves and others, and we become more likely to learn how to cope with the numerous and rapid changes that confront us in the modern world. At the same time, the humanism of anthropology provides us with a better personal and philosophical understanding of our species, its nature, and its wealth of diversity.