Chapter 1 introduces the field of Anthropology and within it, the subfield of biological anthropology. Its dual emphasis on human culture and biological variation demonstrates Anthropology's connections to both the natural and social sciences. The scientific method is shown as an important tool in understanding humans and their behavior from a biological and social scientific perspective.

As an evolutionary science, biological anthropology draws on the rich history of evolutionary theory, and tries to answer fundamental questions about humans, their origins, place in nature, and diversity. The work begun by Darwin and other pioneers continues as modern evolutionary thought today. Evidence of evolution, interpreted differently and a source of current debate is considered differently by evolutionary science and creation science. Current issues surrounding this debate are discussed. The chapter concludes with a contrast of evolutionary science and "creation science."