| behavior modification | A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
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| classical conditioning | A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
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| cognitive-social learning theory | The study of the thought processes that underlie learning
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| conditioned response (CR) | A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation at the ringing of a bell)
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) | A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bringabout a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
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| continuous reinforcement schedule | Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs
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| extinction | One of the basic phenomena of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
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| fixed-interval schedule | A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low
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| fixed-ratio schedule | A schedule whereby reinforcement is given only after a certain number of responses are made
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| latent learning | Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
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| learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
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| negative reinforcer | An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future
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| neutral stimulus | A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
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| observational learning | Learning through observing the behavior of another person called a mode
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| operant conditioning | Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
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| partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule | Behavior that is reinforced some but not all of the time
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| positive reinforcer | A stimulus added tothe environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response
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| punishment | A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
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| reinforcement | The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
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| reinforcer | Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
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| schedules of reinforcement | The frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
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| shaping | The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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| spontaneous recovery | The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest
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| stimulus discrimination | The ability to differentiate between stimuli
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| stimulus generalization | Response to a stimulus that is similar to but different from a conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli, the more likely generalization is to occur
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| unconditioned response (UCR) | A response that is natural and needs no training (e.g., salivation at the smell of food)
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| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus that brings about a response without having been learned
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| variable-interval schedule | A schedule whereby the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
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| variable-ratio schedule | A schedule whereby reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number
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