(See related pages)
|
|
|
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed war and destruction on an unprecedented scale in Europe. Rulers fought to win land and power, often at the expense of civilians and soldiers alike. New warfare and larger armies meant even more misery for those drawn into the conflicts. At the same time, new ideas about how to worship God spread through Europe. Reformers questioned the Catholic Church, and introduced an intellectual revolution that split the church into many Christian churches. The Catholic Church itself emerged renewed and reformed from this period of struggle. Blood was also shed over these ideas, bringing misery and violence to many. The ideas and conflicts of this period transformed people's relationships to God and each other. Learning ObjectivesIn Chapter 11, students learn how northern monarchs strove to acquire large territorial states, and exploited the wealth they were able to extract from them how the westward expansion of the Muslim Ottoman empire put pressure on the Christian west abouy the ties between humanism and religious reform the importance of Erasmus's new translation of the Bible how his concern about indulgences prompted Luther to invite debate over related theological issues how Protestantism quickly splintered into numerous groups, with significant theological differences separating them why Luther succeeded in establishing a viable church when many previous reformers had paid for such attempts with their lives about the spread of reform about the causes and outcomes of reform in England about the idea that the Reformation was a series of movements that included both radicals and conservatives how religious reform led to conflict that assailed about the creation of a new art style, the Baroque about the Catholic response to the need for reform about the role of the Society of Jesus in countering the spread of Protestantism about the outbreak of religious wars in France how the Spanish church was reformed largely independently of the Protestant reformation that the attempt by Philip II of Spain to tighten political and religious control over the Low Countries led to successful revolt and eventual independence of Dutch Protestant areas that the partial settlement of religious differences in the Peace of Augsburg proved insufficient, and that religious and dynastic conflict in Europe culminated in the Thirty Years' War about the social effects of the Reformation how a new lack of spiritual certainty and ongoing violence may have spurred the witch craze of the early modern era |