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| 1 | |
The most significant improvement in military technology since the fourteenth century was |
| | A) | the use of conscripts. |
| | B) | mounted cavalry. |
| | C) | long lines of infantrymen and foot soldiers. |
| | D) | guns that fired with greater range and accuracy. |
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| 2 | |
The Habsburg-Valois Wars were fought in, and devastated, |
| | A) | the Low Countries. |
| | B) | Austria. |
| | C) | southern France. |
| | D) | the Italian city-states. |
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| 3 | |
When Erasmus went to study in England, he struck up a friendship with |
| | A) | William Shakespeare. |
| | B) | John Calvin. |
| | C) | Thomas More. |
| | D) | Martin Luther. |
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| 4 | |
Martin Luther believed that people's souls were saved by |
| | A) | intercession of the church. |
| | B) | indulgences. |
| | C) | good works. |
| | D) | faith. |
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| 5 | |
Luther's Ninety-Five Theses were rapidly circulated throughout Europe in part because |
| | A) | they called for a social revolution. |
| | B) | of the printing press. |
| | C) | no one had ever dared to criticize the church so openly before. |
| | D) | they provided justifications for doing penance. |
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| 6 | |
The Protestant idea of a priesthood of all believers meant that |
| | A) | people needed an ordained priest to perform the sacraments. |
| | B) | praying to many saints increased one's chances of salvation. |
| | C) | people were responsible for their own salvation. |
| | D) | people needed to pray communally to attain salvation. |
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| 7 | |
Most Protestant reformers accepted only the sacraments of |
| | A) | baptism and the Eucharist. |
| | B) | marriage and baptism. |
| | C) | transubstantiation and the Eucharist. |
| | D) | the last rites and marriage. |
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| 8 | |
Ulrich Zwingli, who was instrumental in turning Switzerland Protestant, had been influenced by |
| | A) | Philip of Hesse. |
| | B) | the Peace of Augsburg. |
| | C) | Ignatius Loyola. |
| | D) | Erasmus. |
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| 9 | |
Calvin fled to the city of Geneva because |
| | A) | he was a pacifist and did not want to be recruited in the wars between cantons. |
| | B) | Francis I began to persecute Protestants. |
| | C) | he wanted to escape from the struggle between Protestants and Catholics and focus exclusively on his own salvation. |
| | D) | of the persecution of Protestants when Mary took the throne. |
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| 10 | |
In the late sixteenth century, Calvinists |
| | A) | remained largely confined to their stronghold in Geneva. |
| | B) | had become famous for their masterpieces of religious art. |
| | C) | enjoyed religious toleration in Germany, thanks to the Peace of Augsburg. |
| | D) | constituted a significant minority in France. |
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| 11 | |
Henry VIII got his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled by |
| | A) | converting to Calvinism. |
| | B) | imprisoning Pope Clement VII. |
| | C) | cutting off the pope's authority with an act of Parliament. |
| | D) | electing Thomas Cranmer pope of the Anglican Church. |
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| 12 | |
Elizabeth I confronted the dilemma of religious diversity |
| | A) | with a policy of bloody repression. |
| | B) | by creating a separate church. |
| | C) | by issuing The Book of Common Prayer. |
| | D) | with a policy of religious tolerance. |
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| 13 | |
The Polyglot Bible published by the new university at Alcala de Henares |
| | A) | featured Spanish and Latin translations. |
| | B) | was called the Vulgate. |
| | C) | was Erasmus' greatest contribution to western culture. |
| | D) | compared Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the text. |
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| 14 | |
In what way did the Jesuits combine Catholicism and humanism? |
| | A) | their spiritual discipline |
| | B) | their missionary zeal |
| | C) | their emphasis on education |
| | D) | their disobedience of the pope |
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| 15 | |
The churchmen attending the Council of Trent based their conclusions on the authority of |
| | A) | the scriptures and tradition. |
| | B) | the papacy. |
| | C) | faith. |
| | D) | the sacraments. |
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| 16 | |
What did Philip II perceive to be the greatest threat to his rule and faith? |
| | A) | the leagues of Italian city-states |
| | B) | Jews and Muslims in Spain |
| | C) | religious dogmatism |
| | D) | Protestants in the north and Muslims in the Mediterranean |
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| 17 | |
Philip II sent his Armada to England after |
| | A) | Elizabeth refused to marry him. |
| | B) | Mary refused to marry him. |
| | C) | Elizabeth massacred thousands of English Catholics. |
| | D) | Elizabeth spurned his offer to help her end a revolt in the Netherlands. |
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| 18 | |
The immediate trigger of the Thirty Years' War was |
| | A) | a struggle between Protestants and Catholics in Bohemia. |
| | B) | the conversion of emperor Ferdinand II to Protestantism. |
| | C) | the overwhelming number of Catholic electors, which threatened the growing Protestant minority. |
| | D) | the Spanish Netherlands' struggle for independence. |
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| 19 | |
The new diplomatic principle of _____ shaped the negotiation of the Peace of Westphalia. |
| | A) | religious tolerance |
| | B) | religious diversity |
| | C) | balance of power |
| | D) | religious choice |
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| 20 | |
The Peace of Augsburg (1555) established a formal resolution to the political and religious conflicts started by Martin Luther's attacks against the church. By this treaty, |
| | A) | each German prince would define his principality as either Lutheran or Catholic. |
| | B) | the Holy Roman Empire was officially declared Catholic. |
| | C) | the Habsburg dynasty and the Holy Roman Empire were dissolved. |
| | D) | Lutheranism replaced Catholicism as the sole protected form of religious expression in the German principalities. |
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| 21 | |
From 1545 to 1563, Catholic church leaders intermittently held conferences which were collectively called the Council of Trent. In the end, this historic body, reacting to the success of Protestantism, |
| | A) | declared that clerical corruption and ignorance were unacceptable. |
| | B) | declared that prayers to the saints and the Virgin Mary could not help a Catholic go to Heaven. |
| | C) | declared that Purgatory did not exist. |
| | D) | declared that faith, alone, could enable a Catholic to go to Heaven. |
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