|
|
|
'On the Web' is an internet-based supplement that provides additional web content to supplement the material in Concepts of Fitness and Wellness. Browse through the whole document to explore web content related to this concept. If you know the specific 'On the Web' number or page number of the web icon in the text you can click on the direct link you are looking for below. The material available here is for the exclusive use of students and instructors using the Concepts-based textbooks. All rights reserved (McGraw-Hill Higher Education). On the Web - Concept 21Web21-01: World-Wide Trends in AIDS Web 21-02: Prevention of HIV and AIDS – Early Detection Web21-04: Advances in Search for HIV Vaccines Web21-05: U.S. Trends for Other STD's Web21-07: Supplemental Readings Web21-01: World-Wide Trends in AIDSThe World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimate that, worldwide, as many as 42 million people have been infected with HIV since the pandemic's onset, and each day 16,000 more become infected. Sources of information on AIDS: CDC Division of AIDS/HIV Prevention- http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm CDC National AIDS Hotline - http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/index.asp Centre for International Cooperation in Health and Development Inc. - http://www.ccisd.org/ang/index.htm Web 21-02: Prevention of HIV and AIDS – Early DetectionResearch has demonstrated that early detection is critical for successful treatment of HIV/AIDS. Many people wait too long to get tested due to embarrassment or because they don't know how to go about getting tested. As described in the book, testing for HIV and other STIs can be either confidential or anonymous. When a test is confidential, there is a written record of the test results, but there is also assurance that this information will be kept private by the health care provider. An anonymous test is one for which there is no written record such that the results cannot be connected to your name or other identifiable information. There are clinics throughout the country that provide both confidential and anonymous (in most states) testing at no cost. The following link provides a search engine to find testing sites in your area of the country, http://www.hivtest.org/subindex.cfm?FuseAction=Locate. Web21-03: Treatment of AIDSRecent advances in AIDS research involve the treatment of people infected with HIV. These treatments allow people with HIV to live longer and have better health than AIDS patients of the 1980s. In the search for vaccines progress is slow. The focus has been on the development of new anti-viral drugs (such as AZT) that fight the virus itself. Researchers are researching genetically engineered vaccines. Based on DNA technology, these vaccines reproduce only the parts of the virus known as antigens that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies. The antibodies would detect subsequent HIV exposure and killer T cells would attack the virus. Data from the current research indicates that genetically engineered vaccines create antibodies, but researchers must follow each subject for several years before they know whether the vaccines are effective. Unfortunately recent studies indicate that AZT may not be as effective as hoped in prolonging and improving the lives of patients. The AIDS Treatment Data Network (The Network) is a national, not-for-profit, community-based organization that provides information on treatment options and support groups. The nationwide toll-free number is (800) 734-7104. More information can be found at the following URL: http://www.ccisd.org/ang/index.htm The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases – NIAID provides information on the development and testing of the AIDS vaccine at the following web page: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/daids/vaccine/default.htm Web21-04: Advances in Search for HIV VaccinesThe Center for Disease Control (CDC) is working towards the development of an effective vaccine for HIV. The CDC has already played a role in 2 clinical trials of a vaccine that were not effective but the information gained from these trials has provided information for future possible vaccines. The HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) is a collaboration of international scientists working together to search for a safe and effective vaccine for HIV. This website provides information about possible vaccine strategies and outcomes. Information is also available about current trials that are being conducted as well as community outreach information on HIV in general. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases currently supports preclinical and clinical trials of vaccine research and development. Their preclinical goals include the development of a vaccine in animal models and their clinical trial goals include identifying a safe and effective vaccine in humans. Many other organizations are involved in the potential development of a vaccine for HIV. Some of those organizations are listed below: World Health Organization (WHO) International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Global Alliance to Immunize Against AIDS Web21-05: U.S. Trends for Other STD'sWhile much attention is currently focused on AIDS prevention, there are other sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) that pose serious health threats. The National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/stds.htm) provides valuable resources and fact sheets for information on other STD's. Click the links below to access these links from the NIAID web page directly:
Web21-06: Web ResourcesAmerican Social Health Association STD/STI Center http://www.ashastd.org CDC Center for STD Prevention - www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/nchstp.html CDC Division of STD's - www.cdc.gov/std/ Cells Alive! Human Immunodeficiency Virus – http://www.cellsalive.com Healthy People 2010 – www.health.gov/healthypeople HIV Vaccine Trials Network – www.hvtn.org Institute of Human Virology – www.ihv.org National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases – www.niaid.nih.gov National Institute of Health Aids Information – www.aidsinfo.nih.gov The Office of HIV/AIDS Policy – www.osophs.dhhs.gov/aids/ Web21-07: Supplemental ReadingsReferences new to 7e/14e: American Social Health Association. Fact Sheet on Herpes. Accessed online at http://www.ashastd.org/pdfs/Herpes_factsheet.pdf on June 30, 2006. Cates W. et al. (1999). Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26: S2-S7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2002). Approval of a new rapid test for HIV antibody. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51: 1051-1052. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Expedited Partner Therapy in the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Genital Herpes Fact Sheet. Accessed online at http://www.cdc.gov/std/Herpes/herpes.pdf on June 30, 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2005). Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2004. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral Hepatitis B Fact Sheet. Accessed online at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/bfact.pdf on June 30, 2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HPV: Common Infection. Common Reality. Accessed online on June 30, 2006 at http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/common-infection/HPVBrochureCleared-Online.pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2004. Vol. 16. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Child Trends Databank Child Trends' Analysis of the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Accessed online on June 30, 2006 at http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/pdf/95_PDF.pdf Gerberding. J. (2004). Report to Congress: Prevention of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Department of Health and Human Services. Halpern-Felsher, B.L. et al. (2005). Oral versus vaginal sex among adolescents: Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior. Pediatrics 115: 845-851. Hahn, D. B. et al. 2007. Focus on Health (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Chapters 12, 13, 14 Hamann, B. P. 2007. Disease: Identification, Prevention and Control (3rd. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Harper, D.M. (2006). Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet 367: 1247-1255. Letvin, N.L. et al. (2006). Preserved CD4+ central memory T cells and survival in vaccinated SIV-challenged monkeys. Science 312: 1530-1533. Mao, C. et al. (2006). Efficacy of human papillomavirus-16 vaccine to prevent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 107: 18-27. Mattapallil, J.J. et al. (2006). Vaccination preserves CD4 memory T cells during acute simian immunodeficiency virus challenge. Journal of Experimental Medicine 203: 1533-1541. Morrison, C.S. et al. (2004). Hormonal contraceptive use, cervical ectopy, and the acquisition of cervical infections. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 31: 561-567. Raine, T.R. et al. (2005). Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 293: 54-62. Sanders, G.D. et al. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 352: 570-585. Sanders, S.A. and Reinisch, J.M. (1999). Would you say you "had sex" if? Journal of the American Medical Association 281: 275-277. Teague, M. L. et al. 2007. Your Health Today: Choices in a Changing Society. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Chapter 12, 13, 15. Taiwo, B.O. et al. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of screening for HIV. New England Journal of Medicine 352: 2137-2139 United Nations (2006). Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic: Executive Summary. Geneva, Switzerland: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. References from past editions:
|