| abduction | A movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
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| accident | An act that occurs by chance or without intention.
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| accommodating resistance | Form of isokinetic exercises in which speed is an element.
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| acute injury | An injury with sudden onset and short duration.
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| ad libitum | In the amount desired.
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| adduction | A movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
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| afferent nerve fibers | Nerve fibers that carry messages toward the brain.
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| agonist muscles | Muscles directly engaged in contraction as related to muscles that relax at the same time.
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| ambulation | Move or walk from place to place.
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| ameboid action | A leukocyte moving through a capillary wall through the process of diapedisis.
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| amenorrhea | Absence or suppression of menstruation.
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| amnesia | Loss of memory.
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| analgesia | Pain inhibition.
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| anaphylaxis | An immediate transient allergic reaction resulting in swelling of tissues and dilation of capillaries.
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| anemia | Lack of iron.
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| anesthesia | Partial or complete loss of sensation.
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| angioedema | A well-defined area of swelling occurring as a result of an allergic response.
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| anomaly | Deviation from the norm.
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| anorexia | Lack or loss of appetite; aversion to food.
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| anorexia nervosa | Eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image.
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| anoxia | Lack of oxygen.
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| antagonist muscles | Muscles that counteract the action of the agonist muscles.
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| anterior | Before or in front of.
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| anterior cruciate ligament | Stops external rotation.
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| anteroposterior | Refers to the position of front to back.
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| anxiety | A feeling of uncertainty or apprehension.
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| apophysis | A bone outgrowth to which muscles attach.
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| arrhythmical movement | Irregular movement.
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| arthroscopic examination | Viewing the inside of a joint via the arthroscope, which utilizes a small camera lens.
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| articulation | A joint.
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| assumption of risk | The individual, through expressed or implied agreement, assumes some risk or danger will be involved in a particular undertaking.
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| asymmetries (body) | A lack of symmetry of sides of the body.
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| ATC | An athletic trainer certified by the Board of Certification.
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| atrophic necrosis | Death of an area due to lack of circulation.
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| atrophy | Wasting away of tissue or of an organ; diminution of the size of a body part.
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| automatism | Automatic behavior before consciousness or full awareness has been achieved following a brain concussion.
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| avascular necrosis | Death of tissue resulting from a lack of blood supply.
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| avulsion | A tearing away.
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| axial loading | A blow to the top of the athlete's head while in flexion.
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| axilla | Armpit.
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| ballistic stretching | Older stretching technique that uses repetitive bouncing motions.
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| bandage | A strip of cloth or other material used to hold a dressing in place.
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| bilateral | Pertaining to both sides.
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| biomechanics | Branch of study that applies the laws of mechanics to living organisms and biological tissues.
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| bipedal | Having two feet or moving on two feet.
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| body composition | Percent body fat plus lean body weight.
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| boil (furuncle) | A staph infection originating in a hair follicle.
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| bowlegged | Bending outward of the lower joint.
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| bradykinin | Peptide chemical that causes pain in an injured area.
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| bulimia | Binge-purge eating disorder.
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| bursae | Pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid.
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| bursitis | Inflammation of a bursa, especially those bursae located between bony prominences and a muscle or tendon, such as those of the shoulder or knee.
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| calcific tendinitis | Deposition of calcium in a chronically inflamed tendon, especially the tendons of the shoulder.
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| calisthenic | Exercise involving free movement without the aid of equipment.
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| callus | New bone formation over a fracture.
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| calorie (large) | Amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 18 C; term used to express the fuel or energy value of food or the heat output of the organism; the amount of heat required to heat 1 lb of water to 48 F.
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| catastrophic injury | A permanent injury to the spinal cord that leaves the athlete quadriplegic or paraplegic.
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| cauterization | A purposeful destruction of tissue.
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| cerebrovascular accident | Stroke.
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| chondromalacia | A degeneration of a joint's articular surface, leading to softening.
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| chronic injury | An injury with long onset and long duration.
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| circuit training | Exercise stations that consist of various combinations of weight training, flexibility, calisthenics, and aerobic exercises.
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| circumduct | Act of moving a limb such as the arm or hip in a circular motion.
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| clavus durum | Hard corn.
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| clavus molle | Soft corn.
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| clonic muscle cramp | Involuntary muscle contraction marked by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession.
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| closed fracture | Fracture that does not penetrate superficial tissue.
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| collagenous tissue | The white fibrous substance composing connective tissue.
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| collision sport | Athletes use their bodies to deter or punish opponents.
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| commission (legal liability) | Performing an act outside of an individual's legal jurisdiction.
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| communicable disease | A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another.
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| concentric (positive) contraction | The muscle shortens while contracting against resistance.
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| conduction | Heating by direct contact with a hot medium.
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| conjunctivae | Mucous membrane that lines the eyes.
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| contact sport | Athletes make physical contact, but not with the intent to produce bodily injury.
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| contrecoup brain injury | After head is struck, brain continues to move within the skull and becomes injured opposite the force.
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| convection | Heating indirectly through another medium, such as air or liquid.
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| conversion | Heating by other forms of energy (e.g., electricity).
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| convulsions | Paroxysms of involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations.
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| core temperature | Internal, or deep body, temperature monitored by cells in the hypothalamus, as opposed to shell, or peripheral, temperature, which is registered by the layer of insulation provided by the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and superficial portions of the muscle masses.
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| corticosteroid | A steroid produced by the adrenal cortex.
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| coryza | Profuse nasal discharge.
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| counterirritant | An agent that produces a mild inflammation and in turn acts as an analgesic when applied locally to the skin (e.g., liniment).
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| crepitus | A crackling feel or sound.
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| cryokinetics | Cold application combined with exercise.
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| cryotherapy | Cold therapy.
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| cubital fossa | Triangular area on the anterior aspect of the forearm directly opposite the elbow joint (the bend of the elbow).
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| cutaneous | Of or pertaining to the skin.
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| cyanosis | Slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark purple discoloration of the skin due to a reduced amount of blood hemaglobin.
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| debride | Removal of dirt and dead tissue from a wound.
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| deconditioning | A state in which the athlete's body loses its competitive fitness.
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| degeneration | Deterioration of tissue.
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| dermatome | A segmental skin area innervated by various spinal cord segments.
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| diapedisis | Passage of blood cells by ameboid action through the intact capillary wall.
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| diaphragm | A musculomembranous wall separating the abdomen from the thoracic cavity.
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| diarthrodial joint | Ball and socket joint.
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| diastolic blood pressure | The residual pressure when the heart is between beats.
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| diplopia | Seeing double.
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| dislocation | A bone is forced out and stays out until surgically or manually replaced or reduced.
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| distal | Farthest away from a point of reference.
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| doping | The administration of a drug that is designed to improve the competitor's performance.
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| dorsiflexion | Bending toward the dorsum or rear, opposite of plantar flexion.
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| dorsum | The back of a body part.
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| dressing | A material, such as gauze, applied to a wound.
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| duration | Length of time that an athlete works during a bout of exercise.
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| duty of care | An individual who has the responsibility of caring for an injury.
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| dysmenorrhea | Painful or difficult menstruation.
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| dyspepsia | Imperfect digestion.
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| dyspnea | Difficulty in breathing.
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| eccentric (negative) contraction | The muscle lengthens while contracting against resistance.
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| ecchymosis | Black and blue skin discoloration due to hemorrhage.
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| ectopic | Located in a place different from normal.
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| ectopic bone formation | Bone formation occurring in an abnormal place.
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| edema | Swelling as a result of the collection of fluid in connective tissue.
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| electrolyte | Solution that is a conductor of electricity.
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| electrotherapy | Treating disease by electrical devices.
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| embolus | Fat or plaque that migrates through the vascular system.
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| encephalon | The brain.
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| endurance | The ability of the body to undergo prolonged activity.
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| entrapment | Organ becomes compressed by nearby tissue.
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| epidemiological approach | The study of sports injuries involving the relationship of as many injury factors as possible.
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| epilepsy | Recurrent paroxysmal disorder characterized by sudden attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, and sensory perception.
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| epiphysis | The cartilagenous growth region of a bone.
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| epistaxis | Nosebleed.
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| etiology | Pertaining to the cause of a condition.
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| eversion of the foot | To turn the foot outward.
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| exostoses | Benign bony outgrowths that protrude from the surface of a bone and are usually capped by cartilage; callus formations.
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| extraoral mouth guard | A protective device that fits outside the mouth.
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| extravasation | Escape of a fluid from its vessels into the surrounding tissues.
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| exudates | Accumulation of a fluid in an area.
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| fascia | Fibrous membrane that covers, supports, and separates muscles.
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| fasciitis | Fascia inflammation.
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| fibrinogen | A protein present in blood plasma that is converted into a fibrin clot.
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| fibroblast | Any cell component from which fibers are developed.
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| fibrocartilage | A type of cartilage in which the matrix contains thick bundles of collagenous fibers (e.g., intervertebral disks).
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| fibrosis | Development of excessive fibrous connective tissue; fibroid degeneration.
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| flash-to-bang method | Provides an estimation of how far away lightning is occurring.
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| folliculitis | Inflammation of hair follicles.
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| foot pronation | Combined foot movements of eversion and abduction.
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| foot supination | Combined foot movements of inversion and abduction.
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| frequency | Number of times per week that an athlete exercises.
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| genitourinary | Pertaining to the reproductive and urinary organs.
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| genu recurvatus | Hyperextension at the knee joint.
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| genu valgum | Knock knees.
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| genu varum | Bow legs.
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| glycogen supercompensation | High carbohydrate diet.
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| good samaritan law | Provides limited protection to someone who voluntarily chooses to provide first aid.
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| hemarthrosis | Blood in a joint cavity.
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| hematoma | Blood tumor.
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| hematuria | Blood in the urine.
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| hemoglobin | Molecules that carry oxygen in the blood.
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| hemoglobinuria | Hemoglobin in the urine.
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| hemophilia | A hereditary blood disease in which coagulation is greatly prolonged.
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| hemorrhage | Discharge of blood.
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| hemothorax | Bloody fluid in the pleural cavity.
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| hirsutism | Excessive hair growth and/or the presence of hair in unusual places.
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| homeostasis | Maintenance of a steady state in the body's internal environment.
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| hyperemia | An unusual amount of blood in a body part.
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| hyperextension | Extreme stretching out of a body part.
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| hyperflexibility | Flexibility beyond a joint's normal range.
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| hyperhidrosis | Excessive sweating; excessive foot perspiration.
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| hypermobility | Mobility of a joint that is extreme.
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| hypertension | High blood pressure; abnormally high tension.
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| hyperthermia | Increased body temperature.
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| hypertonic | Having a higher osmotic pressure than a compared solution.
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| hypertrophy | Enlargement of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells.
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| hyperventilation | Abnormally deep breathing that is prolonged, causing a depletion of carbon dioxide, a fall in blood pressure, and fainting.
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| hypoallergenic | Low allergy producing.
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| hypothermia | Decreased body temperature.
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| hypoxia | Lack of an adequate amount of oxygen.
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| idiopathic | Of unknown cause.
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| iliotibal band friction syndrome | Runner's knee.
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| impetigo | A bacterial strep infection.
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| injury | An act that damages or hurts.
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| innervation | Nerve stimulation of a muscle.
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| integument | A covering or skin.
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| intensity | Increasing the work-load.
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| interosseous membrane | Connective tissue membrane between bones.
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| interval training | Alternating periods of work with active recovery.
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| intervertebral | Between two vertebrae.
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| intramuscular bleeding | Bleeding within a muscle.
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| intraoral mouth guard | A protective device that fits within the mouth and covers the teeth.
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| intravenous | Substances administered to a patient via a vein.
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| inversion of the foot | To turn the foot inward. Inner border of the foot lifts.
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| ions | Electrically charged atoms.
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| ipsilateral | Situated on the same side.
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| ischemia | Local anemia.
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| isokinetic exercise | Resistance is given at a fixed velocity of movement with accommodating resistance.
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| isokinetic muscle resistance | Accommodating and variable resistance.
|
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| isometric exercise | Contracts the muscle statically without changing its length.
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| isometric muscle contraction | Muscle contracts statically without a change in its length.
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| isosceles triangle | Triangle with two sides equal in length.
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| isotonic exercise | Form of exercise that shortens and lengthens the muscle through a complete range of motion.
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| isotonic muscle contraction | Shortens and lengthens the muscle through a complete range of motion.
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| joint | Point at which two bones join together.
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| joint capsule | Saclike structure that encloses the ends of bones in a diarthrodial joint.
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| keloid | An overgrowth of collagenous scar tissue at the site of a wound of the skin.
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| keratolytic | Pertaining to loosening the horny layer of skin.
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| knock knee | Bending inward of the lower joint.
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| kyphosis | Exaggeration of the normal thoracic spine.
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| labile | Unsteady; not fixed; easily changed.
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| lactase deficiency | Difficulty digesting dairy products.
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| lateral | Pertaining to point of reference away from the midline of the body.
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| liability | Legal responsibility for the harm one causes to another person.
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| lordosis | Abnormal lumbar vertebral convexity.
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| luxation | Total dislocation.
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| lysis | Breakdown.
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| macerated skin | Skin softened by soaking.
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| malaise | Discomfort and uneasiness caused by an illness.
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| malfeasance or an act of commission | Where an individual commits an act that is not legally theirs to perform.
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| managed care | Costs of health care is monitored closely by insurance carriers.
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|
| margination | Accumulation of leukocytes on blood vessel walls at the site of injury during early stages of inflammation.
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| mechanoreceptors | Located in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints; provide information on position of a joint.
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| medial | Pertaining to point of reference closest to the midline of the body.
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| medical insurance | A contract between the insurance company and policy holder.
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| menarche | Onset of menses.
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|
| meninges | Any one of the three membranes that enclose the brain and the spinal cord, comprising the dura mater, the pia mater, and the arachnoid.
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|
| menorrhagia | Abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods.
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| metabolites | Products left after metabolism has taken place.
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|
| metatarsalgia | Pain in the metatarsal.
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| metatarsophalangeal joint | Joint at which the phalanges meet the metatarsal bones.
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|
| microtrauma | Small musculoskeletal traumas that are accumulative.
|
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|
| misfeasance | When an individual improperly does something he or she has the legal right to do.
|
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|
|
| mononucleosis (infectious) | A disease, usually of young adults, causing fever, sore throat, and lymph gland swelling.
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|
| muscle | Tissue that when stimulated contracts and produces motion.
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| muscle contracture | Abnormal shortening of muscle tissue in which there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch.
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|
| muscle cramps | Involuntary muscle contraction.
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| muscle guarding | Muscle contraction in response to pain.
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|
| muscular endurance | The ability to perform repetitive muscular contractions against some resistance.
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|
| muscular strength | The maximum force that can be applied by a muscle during a single maximum contraction.
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| musculoskeletal | Pertaining to muscles and the skeleton.
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| myoglobin | A respiratory pigment in muscle tissue that is an oxygen carrier.
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| myositis | Inflammation of muscle.
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| myositis ossificans | Calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma.
|
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|
| myotatic reflex | Stretch reflex.
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|
| necrosis | Death of tissue.
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|
| negative resistance | Slow eccentric muscle contraction against resistance with muscle lengthening.
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| negligence | The failure to use ordinary or reasonable care.
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|
|
| nerve entrapment | A nerve that is compressed between bone or soft tissue.
|
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|
|
| neuritis | Chronic nerve irritation.
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|
|
| neuroma | Enlargement of a nerve.
|
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|
|
| NOCSAE | National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment.
|
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|
|
| noncontact sport | Athletes are not involved in any physical contact.
|
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|
| nonfeasance or an act of omission | Where an individual fails to perform a legal duty.
|
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|
|
| nystagmus | A constant involuntary back and forth, up and down, or rotary movement of the eyeball.
|
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|
|
| occlusion | Alignment of the teeth; malocclusion means that the upper and lower teeth do not line up.
|
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|
| omission (legal) | Person fails to perform a legal duty.
|
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|
|
| open fracture | Overlying skin has been lacerated by protruding bone fragments.
|
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|
|
| orthosis | Used in sports as an appliance or apparatus to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities, or to improve function of a movable body part.
|
|
|
|
| orthotic | A custom-designed insert that can be placed in the shoe and worn to correct a variety of biomechanical abnormalities that can potentially lead to injury.
|
|
|
|
| osteoarthritis | A wearing down of hyaline cartilage.
|
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|
|
| osteoblasts | Bone-forming cells.
|
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|
|
| osteochondral | Refers to relationship of bone and cartilage.
|
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|
|
| osteochondritis | Inflammation of bone and cartilage.
|
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|
|
| osteochondritis dissecans | Fragment of cartilage and underlying bone is detached from the articular surface.
|
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|
|
| osteochondrosis | A disease state of a bone and its articular cartilage.
|
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|
|
| osteoclasts | Cells that absorb and remove osseous tissue.
|
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|
|
| osteoporosis | A decrease in bone density.
|
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|
|
| palpate | To use the hands or fingers to examine.
|
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|
| palpation | Feeling an injury with the fingers.
|
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|
| papule | Pimple.
|
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|
|
| paraplegia | Paralysis of lower portion of the body and of both legs.
|
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|
|
| paresthesia | Abnormal sensation such as numbness, prickling, and tingling.
|
|
|
|
| patellar tendinitis | Jumper's knee.
|
|
|
|
| pathology | Study of the nature and cause of disease.
|
|
|
|
| pediatrician | A specialist in the treatment of children's diseases.
|
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|
|
| periodization | Varying training techniques during different seasons.
|
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|
|
| periosteum | The fibrous covering of a bone.
|
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|
|
| peristalis | A progressive, wavelike movement that occurs in the alimentary canal.
|
|
|
|
| pes planus | Flat feet.
|
|
|
|
| phagocytosis | Process of ingesting microorganisms, other cells, or foreign particles, commonly by monocytes, or white blood cells.
|
|
|
|
| phalanges | Bones of the fingers and toes.
|
|
|
|
| phalanx | Any one of the bones of the fingers and toes.
|
|
|
|
| photophobia | An intense intolerance of light.
|
|
|
|
| plantarflexion | The forepart of the foot is depressed relative to the ankle.
|
|
|
|
| plica | A fold of tissue within the body.
|
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| plyometric exercise | Uses a quick eccentric stretch of the muscle to facilitate a concentric contraction.
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| pneumothorax | A collapse of a lung due to air in the pleural cavity.
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| point tenderness | Pain is produced when the site of injury is palpated.
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| polymers | Natural or synthetic substances formed by the combination of two or more molecules of the same substance.
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| positive resistance | Slow concentric muscle contraction against resistance with muscle shortening.
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| posterior | Toward the rear or back.
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| posterior cruciate ligament | A ligament that stops internal rotation.
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| posttraumatic amnesia | Inability of athlete to recall events since injury.
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| power | Ability to accelerate a load, depending on the level of strength and velocity of a muscle contraction.
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| primary assessment | Initial first aid evaluation.
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| prophylactic | Pertaining to prevention, preservation, or protection.
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| prophylaxis | Guarding against injury or disease.
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| proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) | Stretching techniques that involve combinations of alternating contractions and stretches.
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| proprioceptors | Organs within the body that provide the athlete with an awareness of where the body is in space (kinesthesis).
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| prostaglandin | Acidic lipids widely distributed in the body; in musculoskeletal conditions it is concerned with vasodilation, histaminelike effect; it is inhibited by aspirin.
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| prothrombin | Interacts with calcium to produce thrombin.
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| proximal | Nearest to the point of reference.
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| psychogenic | Of psychic origin; that which originates in the mind.
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| psychophysiological | Involving the mind and the body.
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| psychosomatic | Showing effects of mind-body relationship; physical disorder caused or influenced by the mind (i.e., by the emotions).
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| quadriplegia | Paralysis affecting all four limbs.
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| referred pain | Pain that is felt at a point of the body other than its actual origin.
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| regeneration | Repair, regrowth, or restoration of a part such as tissue.
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| residual | That which remains; often used to describe a permanent condition resulting from injury or disease (e.g., a limp or a paralysis).
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| resorption | Act of removal by absorption.
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| retrograde amnesia | Memory loss for events occurring immediately before trauma.
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| revascularize | Restoration of blood circulation to an injured area.
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| rhinitis | Inflammation of the nasal mucus lining.
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| RICE | Rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
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| rotation | Turning around an axis in an angular motion.
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| SAID principle | Specific adaptations to imposed demands.
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| Scheuermann's disease (osteochondrosis) | A degeneration of the vertebral epiphyseal endplates.
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| sciatica | Inflammatory condition of the sciatic nerve; commonly associated with peripheral nerve root compression.
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| sclera | White outer coating of the eye.
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| scoliosis | A lateral deviation curve of the spine.
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| secondary assessment | Follow up; a more detailed examination.
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| seizure | Sudden attack.
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| shin splints | Medial tibial stress syndrome; anterior lower leg pain.
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| sign | Objective evidence of an abnormal situation within the body.
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| sling psychrometer | Instrument for establishing the wet-bulb, globe temperature index.
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| spasm | A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction.
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| spica | A figure-eight, with one of the two loops being larger.
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| spondylolisthesis | Forward slipping of a vertebral body, usually a lumbar vertebrae.
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| spondylolysis | A degeneration of the vertebrae and a defect in the pars intermedia of the articular processes of the vertebrae.
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| sprain | Injury to a ligament that connects bone to bone.
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| staleness | Deterioration in the usual standard of performance.
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| standard of reasonable care | Assumes that an individual is a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence.
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| staplylococcus | A genus of micrococci, some of which are pathogenic, causing pus and tissue destruction.
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| static stretching | Passively stretching an antagonist muscle by placing it in a maximal stretch position and holding it there.
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| statute of limitation | A specific length of time to sue for damages from negligence.
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| strain | A stretch tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon.
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| strength | Ability of a muscular contraction to exert force to move an object (dynamic) or to perform work against a fixed object (static).
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| streptococcus | Oval bacteria that appear in a chain.
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| stress | The positive and negative forces that can disrupt the body's equilibrium.
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| stress fracture | Spot of irritation on the bone.
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| stressor | Anything that affects the body's physiological or psychological condition.
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| stroke volume | The heart's capacity to pump blood.
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| subcutaneous | Beneath the skin.
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| subluxation | A bone is forced out but goes back into place.
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| subthreshold | Below the point at which a physiological effect begins to be produced.
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| symptom | Subjective evidence of an abnormal situation within the body.
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| syndrome | Group of typical symptoms or conditions that characterize an injury, a deficiency, or a disease.
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| synergy | To work in cooperation with.
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| synovia | A transparent lubricating fluid found in joints, bursae, and tendons.
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| synovitis | Inflammation of a synovial membrane.
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| synthesis | Buildup.
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| systolic blood pressure | The pressure caused by the heart's pumping.
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| tendinitis | Inflammation of the tendon.
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| tendon | Tough band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
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| tennis leg | Strain of the gastrocnemius muscle.
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| tenosynovitis | Inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath.
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| tetanus toxoid | Tetanus toxin modified to produce active immunity against Clostridium tetani.
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| thrombi | Plural of thrombus.
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| thromboplastin | Substance within the body's tissues that accelerates blood clotting.
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| thrombus | Blood clot that blocks small blood vessels or a cavity of the heart.
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| time-loss injuries | Injuries that require the player to suspend activity within a day of an injury's onset.
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| tinea | Ringworm; skin fungus disease.
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| tonic muscle cramp | Continuous muscle contraction that is long in duration.
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| tonic muscle spasm | Rigid muscle contraction that lasts over a period of time.
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| tonus (muscle) | Residual state of muscle contraction.
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| torque | A twisting force produced by contraction of the medial femoral muscles that tends to rotate the thigh medially.
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| torsional | Rotating or twisting of a body part.
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| tort | Legal wrongs committed against another.
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| training effect | Stroke volume increases while heart rate is reduced at a given exercise load.
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| transitory paralysis | Temporary inability to move.
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| traumatic | Pertaining to the course of an injury or wound.
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| traumatic arthritis | Arthritis stemming from repeated joint injury.
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| traumatic asphyxia | Result of a violent blow to, or compression of, the rib cage, causing cessation of breathing.
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| trigger point | Area of tenderness in a tight band of muscle.
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| urticaria | Sudden vascular reaction of skin resulting in wheels or papules and itching.
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| valgus | Bent outward.
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| variable resistance | Resistance is varied throughout the range of motion.
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| varus | Bent inward.
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| vasoconstriction | Decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel.
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| vasodilation | Increase in the diameter of a blood vessel.
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| vasospasm | Blood vessel spasm.
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| venule | Tiny vein fed by a capillary.
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| verruca | Virus causing a wart.
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| viscera | Internal organs.
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| viscus (organs) | Any internal organ enclosed within a cavity.
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| volar | Referring to the palm or the sole.
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| water ad libitum | Unlimited access to water.
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| xerostomia | Having a dry mouth.
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| xiphoid process | Smallest of three parts of the sternum.
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