After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes.

Evolution of Animals

1. Describe the characteristics that separate the animal phyla from other phyla of living organisms.
2. Discuss the "colonial flagellate hypothesis" as it relates to the evolution of animals.
3. Explain the data used to develop the animal phylogenetic tree.
4. Distinguish between protostomes and deuterostomes.

5. Describe the sponges.
6. Describe the comb jellies.
7. List examples of cnidarians.
8. Discuss the specializations unique to cnidarians.

9. Explain the characteristics that unite the lophotrochozoans and list the animal phyla that fit into this group.
10. List the characteristics of members of phylum Platyhelminthes.
11. Distinguish between the free-living flatworms and the parasitic flatworms.
12. Describe rotifers.
13. Discuss the characteristics of mollusks.
14. List and describe examples of the major groups within phylum Mollusca.
15. Describe the major characteristics of annelids.
16. Distinguish between the major groups of annelids.

17. Explain the characteristics that unite the ecdysozoans and list the animal phyla that fit into this group.
18. List and describe examples of roundworms and their effects on humans.
19. Discuss the five characteristics credited for the success of arthropods.
20. Give examples of the major groups of arthropods and describe their specializations.

21. Describe the characteristics of echinoderms.
22. List examples of the major groups of echinoderms.
23. Discuss the adaptations of sea stars and how they relate to the characteristics of echinoderms in general.