Learning Outcome 19.3

1			Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?
			A)	lungs
			B)	trachea
			C)	bronchi
			D)	pharynx

Learning Outcome 19.3

2			The internal nares will open into the _____.
			A)	trachea
			B)	nasopharynx
			C)	oropharynx
			D)	nasal cavity

Learning Outcome 19.3

3			The olfactory nerves pass through openings in the _____.
			A)	vomer
			B)	cribriform plate
			C)	superior conchae
			D)	nasal septum

Learning Outcome 19.3

4			Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with _____.
			A)	pseudostratified epithelium
			B)	simple columnar cells
			C)	stratified squamous cells
			D)	simple squamous epithelium

Learning Outcome 19.3

5			The tissue lining the alveoli is _____ epithelium.
			A)	pseudostratified columnar
			B)	cuboidal
			C)	simple squamous
			D)	stratified squamous

Learning Outcome 19.3

6			How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung?
			A)	100,000
			B)	1 million
			C)	300,000,000
			D)	50,000

Learning Outcome 19.12

7			Gas is exchanged in the alveoli by a process of _____.
			A)	simple diffusion
			B)	active transport
			C)	facilitated diffusion
			D)	filtration

Learning Outcome 19.3

8			What is the entrance into the lungs called?
			A)	carina
			B)	apex
			C)	lobule
			D)	hilus

Learning Outcome 19.3

9			The pleural cavity is the space between the lung and _____.
			A)	visceral pleural
			B)	thoracic wall
			C)	parietal pleura
			D)	mediastinum

Learning Outcome 19.10

10			Which of these is NOT a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
			A)	emphysema
			B)	asthma
			C)	lung cancer
			D)	bronchitis

Learning Outcome 19.10

11			Which mechanism prevents over-inflation of the lungs?
			A)	surfactant secretion
			B)	blood pH levels
			C)	the chemoreceptor reflexes
			D)	Hering-Breuer reflex

Learning Outcome 19.10

12			Which is the most common cause of hyperventilation?
			A)	low pH
			B)	high pH
			C)	anxiety
			D)	high carbon dioxide

Learning Outcome 19.10

13			Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
			A)	oxygen
			B)	carbon dioxide
			C)	argon
			D)	nitrogen

Learning Outcome 19.11

14			What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen?
			A)	160 mm Hg
			B)	21%
			C)	760 mm Hg
			D)	0.3 mm Hg

Learning Outcome 19.11

15			What is the normal PCO2 of the capillary blood?
			A)	0.05 mm Hg
			B)	45 mm Hg
			C)	40 mm Hg
			D)	104 mmHg

Learning Outcome 19.1

16			Which of these functions cannot be attributed to the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity?
			A)	warms incoming air
			B)	filters particles from incoming air
			C)	moistens incoming air
			D)	initial gas exchange between air and blood occurs here

Learning Outcome 19.3

17			The ____________ cartilage(s) mark(s) the lowermost portion of the larynx.
			A)	cricoid
			B)	thyroid
			C)	epiglottic
			D)	corniculate

Learning Outcome 19.3

18			The true vocal cords are those that produce the sounds of the human voice. Where are these located?
			A)	opposite the cuneiform cartilages
			B)	superior to the false vocal cords
			C)	inferior to the false vocal cords
			D)	within the pharynx

Learning Outcome 19.3

19			Thin-walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lungs are the ___________________.
			A)	alveolar ducts
			B)	alveolar sacs
			C)	alveoli
			D)	respiratory bronchioles

Learning Outcome 19.5

20			The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is _________________.
			A)	atmospheric pressure
			B)	muscular contraction
			C)	reduced surface tension inside the lungs
			D)	muscular relaxation

Learning Outcome 19.4

21			Which of the following is NOT a property of the mucous lining of the respiratory tract?
			A)	warms incoming air
			B)	contains microvilli
			C)	contains cilia
			D)	cleanses particles

Learning Outcome 19.3

22			Which of the following does NOT contain a sinus?
			A)	frontal bone
			B)	ethmoid
			C)	zygomatic bone
			D)	sphenoid bone

Learning Outcome 19.3

23			Where are the palatine tonsils located?
			A)	oropharynx
			B)	nasopharynx
			C)	laryngopharynx
			D)	nasal cavity proper

Learning Outcome 19.3

24			The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the ______ cartilage.
			A)	thyroid
			B)	cricoid
			C)	corniculate
			D)	arytenoid

Learning Outcome 19.3

25			C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the _____.
			A)	trachea
			B)	bronchioles
			C)	larynx
			D)	pharynx

Learning Outcome 19.3

26			The carina separates the _____ from each other.
			A)	lungs
			B)	secondary bronchi
			C)	primary bronchi
			D)	trachea and bronchi

Learning Outcome 19.3

27			There are _____ secondary bronchi?
			A)	2
			B)	4
			C)	5
			D)	6

Learning Outcome 19.3

28			The bronchioles enter the _____ of the lungs.
			A)	carina
			B)	hilus
			C)	lobules
			D)	alveoli

Learning Outcome 19.4

29			The functional gas exchanging units are termed _____.
			A)	lobules
			B)	lobar areas
			C)	alveoli
			D)	bronchioles

Learning Outcome 19.3

30			The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the _____.
			A)	primary bronchi
			B)	bronchioles
			C)	trachea
			D)	secondary bronchi

Learning Outcome 19.4

31			The main function of the pleural membranes is to _____.
			A)	maintain pressure
			B)	increase thoracic pressure
			C)	remove foreign particles
			D)	reduce friction

Learning Outcome 19.11

32			Atmospheric pressure is around _____ mmHg.
			A)	760
			B)	500
			C)	120
			D)	850

Learning Outcome 19.7

33			The movement of air within the respiratory system is correctly referred to as _____.
			A)	breathing
			B)	inhalation
			C)	exhalation
			D)	ventilation

Learning Outcome 19.5

34			What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation?
			A)	surface tension
			B)	cartilage
			C)	surfactant
			D)	pressure

Learning Outcome 19.5

35			The main force causing the exhalation of air is the _____.
			A)	contraction of diaphragm
			B)	elastic recoil
			C)	diaphragm relaxation
			D)	intercostal muscles

Learning Outcome 19.5

36			During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches _____.
			A)	760 mmHg
			B)	758 mmHg
			C)	763 mmHg
			D)	730 mmHg

Learning Outcome 19.11

37			A pneumothorax occurs when the thoracic pleural pressure reaches around _____ mmHg.
			A)	780
			B)	760
			C)	755
			D)	0

Learning Outcome 19.5

38			The _____ muscle can cause a forced exhalation.
			A)	diaphragm
			B)	pectoralis major
			C)	internal intercostal
			D)	external intercostal

Learning Outcome 19.6

39			The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is called the _____.
			A)	vital capacity
			B)	tidal volume
			C)	total lung capacity
			D)	expiratory reserve volume

Learning Outcome 19.6

40			The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the _____.
			A)	total lung capacity
			B)	expiratory reserve volume
			C)	functional residual capacity
			D)	residual volume

Learning Outcome 19.6

41			The total amount of air that cannot be exchanged either because of disease or because it cannot reach an exchange site is termed the _____.
			A)	anatomical dead space
			B)	physiologic dead space
			C)	residual volume
			D)	functional reserve capacity

Learning Outcome 19.5

42			The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficulty exhaling is _____.
			A)	bronchial asthma
			B)	bronchogenic carcinoma
			C)	emphysema
			D)	poliomyelitis

Learning Outcome 19.5

43			The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic response is _____.
			A)	pulmonary cancer
			B)	bronchial asthma
			C)	tuberculosis
			D)	atelectasis

Learning Outcome 19.8

44			Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which of these areas?
			A)	larynx
			B)	alveoli
			C)	distal bronchioles
			D)	alveolar ducts

Learning Outcome 19.8

45			Which reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm?
			A)	sneeze
			B)	hiccup
			C)	cough
			D)	yawn

Learning Outcome 19.8

46			Which reflex is caused by local alveolar decreases in oxygen content?
			A)	cough
			B)	laugh
			C)	hiccup
			D)	yawn

Learning Outcome 19.9

47			Breathing is mainly controlled by the _____.
			A)	local alveoli
			B)	medulla oblongata
			C)	pons
			D)	pneumotaxic center

Learning Outcome 19.9

48			Which area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control areas?
			A)	pneumotaxic area of pons
			B)	dorsal respiratory group
			C)	ventral respiratory group
			D)	brain stem rhythmicity centers

Learning Outcome 19.10

49			Which of the following factors favors an increase in breathing rate?
			A)	increased blood oxygen
			B)	increased blood carbon dioxide
			C)	increased pH
			D)	decreased acidity

Learning Outcome 19.11

50			What is the normal PO2 of the alveolar air?
			A)	40 mm Hg
			B)	45 mm Hg
			C)	104 mm Hg
			D)	50 mm Hg

Learning Outcome 19.12

51			Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found?
			A)	in the air
			B)	in the alveoli
			C)	the arteries entering the lung
			D)	the veins leaving the lung

Learning Outcome 19.12

52			Which condition is characterized by inflammation and infection involving the alveoli?
			A)	ARDS
			B)	tuberculosis
			C)	pneumonia
			D)	atelectasis

Learning Outcome 19.12

53			Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the _____.
			A)	plasma
			B)	hemoglobin
			C)	iron
			D)	capillaries

Learning Outcome 19.11

54			At high PO2 levels, where is most oxygen located?
			A)	oxyhemoglobin
			B)	hemoglobin
			C)	plasma
			D)	free heme

Learning Outcome 19.14

55			Which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen from hemoglobin?
			A)	decreased CO2
			B)	decreased pH
			C)	lower blood temperature
			D)	increased pH

Learning Outcome 19.14

56			Which of these has the highest affinity for hemoglobin?
			A)	CO2
			B)	nitrogen
			C)	O2
			D)	CO

Learning Outcome 19.14

57			How is most carbon dioxide transported?
			A)	dissolved in the plasma
			B)	as carbaminohemoglobin
			C)	as bicarbonate
			D)	on the heme

Learning Outcome 19.14

58			The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is _____.
			A)	pressure
			B)	tissue production
			C)	carbonic anhydrase
			D)	hemoglobin affinity

Learning Outcome 19.14

59			The exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body is called _________________.
			A)	external respiration
			B)	internal respiration
			C)	pulmonary ventilation
			D)	cellular respiration

Learning Outcome 19.5

60			The lipoprotein known as _____________ reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do NOT collapse during exhalation.
			A)	surfactant
			B)	phospholipid
			C)	beryllium
			D)	alveolar membrane lipoprotein

Learning Outcome 19.5

61			The force of exhalation is primarily due to _____________________.
			A)	greater atmospheric pressure outside the lungs than inside
			B)	elastic recoil of lung tissue
			C)	forceful blowing to remove air from the lungs
			D)	muscular contraction

Learning Outcome 19.6

62			Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called the ________________.
			A)	tidal volume
			B)	expiratory reserve volume
			C)	vital capacity
			D)	residual volume

Learning Outcome 19.6

63			The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the _________________.
			A)	total lung capacity
			B)	inspiratory reserve volume
			C)	vital capacity
			D)	expiratory reserve volume

Learning Outcome 19.9

64			The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by which portion of the brain?
			A)	peripheral chemoreceptors
			B)	dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center
			C)	ventral respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center
			D)	pneumotaxic area

Learning Outcome 19.13

65			The respiratory membrane, across which gases diffuse, is very thin and is made up of _______________.
			A)	alveolar macrophages and the alveolar cell membrane
			B)	alveolar cell membrane and its basement membrane
			C)	alveolar cell membrane and capillary membrane
			D)	alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane, and fused basement membranes

Learning Outcome 19.11

66			The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood is dependent upon _______________.
			A)	the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and in the blood
			B)	the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs only
			C)	the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
			D)	the partial pressure of all gases in the atmosphere and blood

Learning Outcome 19.3

67			What is the first structure in this respiratory sequence?
			A)	lungs
			B)	trachea
			C)	larynx
			D)	pharynx

Learning Outcome 19.4

68			Which structures play the greatest role in warming and humidifying air?
			A)	ethmoid sinus
			B)	soft palate
			C)	conchae
			D)	frontal sinus

Learning Outcome 19.3

69			The area directly superior to the soft palate is the _____.
			A)	larynx
			B)	nasopharynx
			C)	oral cavity
			D)	oropharynx

Learning Outcome 19.4

70			Which passageway serves as a common route for food or air?
			A)	esophagus
			B)	oropharynx
			C)	nasopharynx
			D)	trachea

Learning Outcome 19.3

71			What is the opening to the larynx called?
			A)	trachea
			B)	epiglottis
			C)	laryngopharynx
			D)	glottis

Learning Outcome 19.3

72			What is the Adam's apple directly part of?
			A)	thyroid cartilage
			B)	tracheal rings
			C)	cricoid cartilage
			D)	epiglottis

Learning Outcome 19.3

73			Which part of the bronchial tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers?
			A)	trachea
			B)	alveoli
			C)	bronchi
			D)	bronchioles

Learning Outcome 19.4

74			The only structures that allow gas diffusion across them are the _____.
			A)	bronchioles
			B)	alveoli
			C)	alveolar ducts
			D)	bronchi

Learning Outcome 19.3

75			The space between the two lungs is called the _____.
			A)	pleural cavity
			B)	thoracic space
			C)	mediastinum
			D)	pericardial cavity

Learning Outcome 19.5

76			What are the most powerful stimuli for breathing?
			A)	high pH; high CO2
			B)	low pH; low CO2
			C)	low pH; high CO2
			D)	high pH: low CO2

Learning Outcome 19.5

77			During inspiration the diaphragm moves upward while the thorax expands and moves outward.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.5

78			When the diaphragm contracts; the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.11

79			The compliance of the lung increases as the lungs expand.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.7

80			The anatomical dead space represents the air that is trapped in the alveoli and is around 150mL.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.7

81			The alveolar dead space is a volume of air that cannot cross the alveoli because of a disease process.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.1

82			Bronchogenic carcinoma is a lung cancer that has spread or metastasized from some outside organ.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.7

83			The alveolar ventilation rate is usually less than the minute respiratory volume.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.10

84			There are chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies which are very sensitive to fluctuations in the levels of blood oxygen.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.10

85			Decreasing blood oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide cause the major increases seen in breathing rate during strenuous exercise.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.10

86			Hyperventilation causes its symptoms mainly because it results in respiratory acidosis.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.13

87			The respiratory membrane is the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.4

88			There are phagocytic cells within the lungs that move among the alveoli to remove foreign particles.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.11

89			If the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 45 mm Hg, carbon dioxide would not readily diffuse into the air.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.12

90			The PO2 in the pulmonary veins is less than the PO2 in the alveolar air.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.2

91			Retrolental fibroplasia develops in an infant who does not have sufficient blood oxygen.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.2

92			ARDS is a condition of lung collapse or atelectasis in a newborn.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.10

93			At high altitudes it is difficult to breathe because the air has a lower percent of oxygen.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.10

94			Oxygen dissociates faster from hemoglobin during exercise.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.14

95			Carbon dioxide and oxygen compete for binding sites with the hemoglobin.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.4

96			When swallowing, the soft palate would have to move downward in order to prevent food from entering the lungs.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.2

97			In order to maintain homeostasis, chloride ions follow as bicarbonate moves out of the erythrocyte.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.2

98			The main purpose for cellular oxygen is to provide a means of producing most of the cell energy.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.4

99			The smooth muscle within the vocal cords allows them to change their tension for vocalization.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.4

100			The trachea contains rings of cartilage that surround the windpipe to keep it rigid.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.4

101			The lungs contain a ciliated mucous lining that helps remove foreign particles from them.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 19.13

102			The respiratory membrane is comprised of the two layers of the alveoli.
			A)	True
			B)	False