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| 1 | |
Learning is primarily the result of:
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| | A) | Development |
| | B) | Experience |
| | C) | Innate abilities |
| | D) | Socialization |
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| 2 | |
Which of the following is the best example of classical conditioning?
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| | A) | Harold gets hungry each morning about one half hour before lunchtime. |
| | B) | Susan likes to chew gum during class because it helps her to relax. |
| | C) | Isaac cries when he arrives at the doctor's office because he usually gets shots near the end of each visit. |
| | D) | Andrea takes the long way home after school because she likes to avoid a busy intersection. |
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| 3 | |
Ms. Alvarez has been teaching for 20 years. She has learned that it is best to structure her class so that students complete the projects and activities that they really do not like first; only after completing these "disliked" activities can they engage in the projects and activities that they do like. This is an example of:
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| | A) | Negative reinforcement |
| | B) | Time-out |
| | C) | Premack principle |
| | D) | Punishment |
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| 4 | |
Mr. Roberts, having to step out of the class for a moment, tells Melody to watch the class. Melody begins to get teased by her classmates for being a goody-goody and the teacher's pet. When Mr. Roberts returns, Melody tells him that she does not ever want to be left in charge of the class again. In this situation, Melody was:
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| | A) | Positively reinforced by her classmates |
| | B) | Negatively reinforced by her classmates |
| | C) | Punished by her classmates |
| | D) | Punished by the teacher |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following scenarios best depicts "extinction"?
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| | A) | Ivan used to bring his lunch to school every day because his mother always praised him for doing so. Now that she has stopped praising him, he often forgets. |
| | B) | Ruby used to get very nervous when she played her violin in public. She recently started practicing relaxation techniques prior to each performance, and now she usually feels calm. |
| | C) | Heather forgot to take off her muddy shoes at the door until recently, when her mother posted a sign in the hallway. |
| | D) | Dennis runs to the door when he hears a truck pull into the driveway because he knows that his father opens the door within moments of when Dennis hears the sound of his father's car. |
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| 6 | |
Which of the following scenarios best depicts a punishment?
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| | A) | A student answers a question correctly. The teacher compliments the student. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. |
| | B) | A student answers a question correctly. The teacher stops criticizing the student for not paying attention. The student continues to raise her hand to answer questions. |
| | C) | A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher criticizes the student for not paying attention. The student begins to pay attention and starts answering questions correctly. |
| | D) | A student answers a question incorrectly. The teacher stops asking the student to answer questions. The student starts paying attention during class. |
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| 7 | |
Ms. Santos is explaining geometric angles, when she sees Stanley poke his pencil in Sharon's arm. Sharon winces but does not say anything. Ms. Santos immediately tells Stanley that he has lost 10 minutes of recess. In this scenario, Ms. Santos used a:
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| | A) | Positive reinforcer |
| | B) | Negative reinforcer |
| | C) | Punishment |
| | D) | All of these choices are incorrect. |
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| 8 | |
Mr. Elliot is walking around the learning centers in the room helping his students with their activity. Jack tells Mr. Elliot that Jan is not doing her part of the work, in fact she is distracting them by telling them jokes. Mr. Elliot privately asks Jan to get to work and stop telling jokes or she will have to go back to her seat and work independently. Jan does not cause further problems in her group. In this example, Mr. Elliot used__________, and it was __________.
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| | A) | punishment, ineffective |
| | B) | negative reinforcer, effective |
| | C) | punishment, effective |
| | D) | negative reinforcer, ineffective |
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| 9 | |
Mr. Bristol hands his eighth graders an agenda that tells them the due dates for all of their assignments are exactly one month apart. What type of reinforcement schedule did Mr. Bristol put his eighth graders on?
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| | A) | Fixed ratio |
| | B) | Fixed interval |
| | C) | Variable ratio |
| | D) | Variable interval |
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| 10 | |
Every half hour or so, a teacher compliments a certain student for staying in his seat and working quietly, unless the student fails to do so. This teacher is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
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| | A) | Fixed-interval |
| | B) | Fixed-ratio |
| | C) | Variable-interval |
| | D) | Variable-ratio |
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| 11 | |
Which of the following best represents the social cognitive perspective?
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| | A) | The environment causes behaviors. |
| | B) | The environment and behaviors have a reciprocal relationship. |
| | C) | Behavior is the result of cognitive factors, behavioral factors, and environmental factors. |
| | D) | There is no relationship between the environment, behavior, and personal consequences. |
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| 12 | |
The first step in self-regulated learning is:
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| | A) | Goal-setting and strategic planning |
| | B) | Monitoring outcomes and refining strategies |
| | C) | Putting a plan into action and monitoring the plan |
| | D) | Self-evaluation and self-monitoring |
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| 13 | |
Kyle's third-grade class is watching a presentation by local college students on how to improve reading and writing skills. Kyle is excited about learning how to improve his reading and writing skills. However, even though he paid close attention to the presentation, and he remembers all the tips that were shown and demonstrated, Kyle does not think that he has the skill that the presenters have. In fact, he thinks that these tips are not ones that he would be able to apply. According to observational learning theory, which of the following processes is Kyle having difficulty with?
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| | A) | Attention |
| | B) | Retention |
| | C) | Production |
| | D) | Motivation |
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| 14 | |
Mr. Rojas says "what great behavior Daniel is showing, he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas class are standing in line quietly like Daniel. Why did all of the third-grade students imitate Daniel's behavior?
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| | A) | Because they were classically conditioned to do so |
| | B) | Because they watched Daniel, a model, be positively reinforced for doing so and thought they would be positively reinforced if they copied Daniel's behavior |
| | C) | Because Daniel was negatively reinforced by the teacher and they wanted to be negatively reinforced as well |
| | D) | Because they watched Daniel, a model, be punished for doing so and thought they would be punished if they did not copy Daniel's behavior |
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| 15 | |
Ally just received an A on her spelling test. Her teacher, Mrs. Succo, compliments her on her achievement. Ally continues to do well on her spelling tests. This scenario best depicts a:
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| | A) | Positive reinforcer |
| | B) | Negative reinforcer |
| | C) | Punishment |
| | D) | All of these choices are incorrect. |
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| 16 | |
Marchand is a first grader in Mr. Tobia's class whose homework would sometimes end up in the wrong bin. Mr. Tobia has decided to always ensure that he reinforces Marchand for putting his homework in the bin labeled "Today's homework" and not in the other bins that Mr. Tobias has in the classroom. Marchand has been placing his homework in the right bin every day. In this scenario, what is Mr. Tobia's intention?
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| | A) | To use generalization on Marchand |
| | B) | To use discrimination on Marchand |
| | C) | To use extinction on Marchand |
| | D) | To use punishment on Marchand |
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| 17 | |
Mrs. Renir tells her second graders that once they complete their reading assignment, they may go and play on the computers. In this scenario, Mrs. Renir is using:
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| | A) | Extinction |
| | B) | Generalization |
| | C) | Premack principle |
| | D) | A schedule of reinforcement |
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| 18 | |
Mr. Mijuet had been consistently praising Talan for contributing comments in the class discussions. However, Mr. Mijuet has noticed that Talan has become disruptive and that his comments are frequently not pertinent to the discussion that the class is having. Mr. Mijuet decides to ignore Talan's inappropriate comments and behavior during class discussions and give him attention and praise only when his comments are relevant. Talan's contributions to the class discussion are no longer appropriate. In this scenario, Mr. Mijuet is using:
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| | A) | Shaping |
| | B) | Prompts |
| | C) | Premack principle |
| | D) | Extinction |
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| 19 | |
According to Bandura, what is the concept of self-efficacy?
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| | A) | The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes |
| | B) | The belief that one can change the outcome of a situation by providing external consequences |
| | C) | The belief that one can regulate learning by becoming more aware of how it is that we acquire knowledge |
| | D) | That which occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else's behavior |
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| 20 | |
Winston is very anxious when it comes to taking tests. He usually performs poorly on tests because of his anxiety and not his lack of knowledge. Winston's teacher has decided to have Winston associate relaxation with taking tests. She has Winston imagine a relaxing situation and think of it a few days before the test, the morning of the test, right before taking the test, and finally while he is taking his test. In this example, Winston's teacher is using which of the following:
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| | A) | Generalization |
| | B) | Systematic desensitization |
| | C) | Discrimination |
| | D) | Negative reinforcement |
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| 21 | |
As students in U.S. schools have become more ethnically diverse in recent decades, teacher demographics:
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| | A) | Have changed to reflect their students' ethnic backgrounds |
| | B) | Are about 50% African American |
| | C) | Are primarily comprised of African American and Latino males |
| | D) | Are overwhelmingly non-Latino White females |
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| 22 | |
Although men comprise nearly half of middle and high school teachers, they comprise:
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| | A) | Only 10 percent of elementary school teachers |
| | B) | 25% of elementary school teachers |
| | C) | Over 50% of elementary school teachers |
| | D) | 75% of elementary school teachers |
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| 23 | |
In a recent national survey of college students, which percentage of males said they plan to become an elementary school teacher or administrator?
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| | A) | 1.1% |
| | B) | 4.4% |
| | C) | 8.2% |
| | D) | More than 10% |
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| 24 | |
Which of the following is a positive example of self-talk?
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| | A) | "I know my anxiety will increase, just like before." |
| | B) | "I'll keep on taking one step at a time." |
| | C) | "There are so many steps, I'm not sure how to begin." |
| | D) | "How can I ever meet this strict deadline?" |
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| 25 | |
Mr. Sanchez invites professionals from the local engineering company to serve as after school mentors. These mentors not only provide academic help but also serve as positive role models. This is an example of:
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| | A) | Positive reinforcement |
| | B) | Observational learning |
| | C) | Self-regulatory learning |
| | D) | Classic conditioning |
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| 26 | |
Tanya is working on a book report that is due the next day in school. She is talking to herself saying, "This is a little confusing, but I think I can do it. If I keep working, I know I'll get it done." This is an example of:
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| | A) | Observational learning |
| | B) | Social cognitive approaches to learning |
| | C) | The Premack Principle |
| | D) | A self-instructional method |
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| 27 | |
Dillon agrees to stop pushing at the drinking fountain. His teacher agrees to let him be first at the drinking fountain Friday if he does not push his peers all week. This is an example of:
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| | A) | Contracting |
| | B) | Prompting |
| | C) | A schedule of reinforcement |
| | D) | Extinction |
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| 28 | |
A teacher who wants to help students become self-regulated learners would most likely do which of the following?
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| | A) | Limit students' choices in the classroom. |
| | B) | Give students a quick overview of self-regulation strategies and move on to more academic tasks. |
| | C) | Provide examples of thoughts and actions that foster self-regulation. |
| | D) | Especially pay close attention to high-achieving students. |
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