| Affirmative action | Positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.
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| Amalgamation | The process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group.
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| Anti-Semitism | Anti-Jewish prejudice.
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| Apartheid | A former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the separation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites.
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| Assimilation | The process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture.
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| Black power | A political philosophy, promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s, that supported the creation of Black-controlled political and economic institutions.
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| Color-blind racism | The use of race-neutral principles to perpetuate a racially unequal status quo.
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| Contact hypothesis | The theory that in cooperative circumstances interracial contact between people of equal status will reduce prejudice.
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| Discrimination | The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons.
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| Ethnic group | A group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.
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| Ethnocentrism | The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.
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| Exploitation theory | A theory that views racial subordination in the United States as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
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| Expulsion | The systematic removal of a group of people from society.
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| Genocide | The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
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| Hate crime | A criminal offense committed because of the offender's bias against an individual based on race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, or sexual orientation.
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| Institutional discrimination | The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society.
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| Minority group | A subordinate group whose members, even if they represent a numeric majority, have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
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| Model or ideal minority | A subordinate group whose members supposedly have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally despite past prejudice and discrimination.
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| Pluralism | Mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice.
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| Prejudice | A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
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| Racial formation | A sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed, and destroyed.
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| Racial group | A group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance.
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| Racial profiling | Any police-initiated action based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior.
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| Racism | The belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior.
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| Segregation | The physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group by a dominant group.
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| Stereotype | An unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.
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| Symbolic ethnicity | An ethnic identity that emphasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage.
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