Read each question carefully and then select the best answer.

1			What is the first step in the scientific method?
			A)	reviewing the literature
			B)	formulating a testable hypothesis
			C)	defining the problem
			D)	selecting the research design and then collecting and analyzing the data
2			A transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable is called a (an)
			A)	hypothesis.
			B)	operational definition.
			C)	correlation.
			D)	variable.
3			The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is called the
			A)	dependent variable.
			B)	hypothetical variable.
			C)	correlation variable.
			D)	independent variable.
4			What kind of sample is used most frequently by social scientists?
			A)	a purposive sample
			B)	a haphazard sample
			C)	a random sample
			D)	a nonscientific sample
5			What type of variable is a factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable?
			A)	control variable
			B)	independent variable
			C)	dependent variable
			D)	hypothetical variable
6			A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, is known as a (an)
			A)	observation.
			B)	ethnography.
			C)	experiment.
			D)	survey.
7			What type of study was used by Patricia Adler and Peter Adler to gather information on the Hawaiian resort industry?
			A)	experimental research
			B)	ethnographic research
			C)	survey research
			D)	secondary analysis
8			Anthropologists rely heavily on what type of research?
			A)	ethnography
			B)	survey research
			C)	secondary analysis
			D)	experimental research
9			When sociologists want to study a possible cause-and-effect relationship, they may use what kind of research technique?
			A)	an ethnography
			B)	a survey
			C)	a secondary analysis
			D)	an experiment
10			Émile Durkheim's statistical analysis of suicide was an example of what kind of research technique?
			A)	ethnography
			B)	observation research
			C)	secondary analysis
			D)	experimental research
11			Max Weber argued that sociologists must practice what in their research?
			A)	subjectivity
			B)	keeping the real reasons for the research secret
			C)	statistical analysis
			D)	value neutrality
12			In The Death of White Sociology, Joyce Ladner focused on what issue?
			A)	value neutrality
			B)	a statistical analysis of suicide
			C)	environmental protestors
			D)	the treatment of African Americans as a social problem
13			Which of the following statements is false?
			A)	Sociological studies always generate data that support the original hypothesis.
			B)	The scientific model is important because it plays a major role in the workings of our society.
			C)	Education affects a person's income.
			D)	Television polls are not representative samples.
14			In the 1930s, William F. Whyte moved into a low-income Italian neighborhood in Boston. For nearly four years, he was a member of the social circle of "corner boys," which he describes in Street Corner Society. His goal was to gain greater insight into the community that these men had established. What type of research technique did Whyte use?
			A)	experimental
			B)	survey
			C)	secondary analysis
			D)	participant observation
15			The systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem is termed the
			A)	dramaturgical approach.
			B)	scientific method.
			C)	functionalist approach.
			D)	feminist view.
16			A sociologist studying prejudice views the phenomenon in terms of a person's unwillingness to hire or work with members of minority groups. This view illustrates a transformation of an abstract concept into indicators that are observable and measurable. Such an explanation is known as a (an)
			A)	operational definition.
			B)	hypothesis.
			C)	theory.
			D)	independent variable.
17			A (an) __________ is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables.
			A)	operational definition
			B)	theory
			C)	hypothesis
			D)	correlation
18			A measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions is referred to as a (an)
			A)	operational definition.
			B)	theory.
			C)	hypothesis.
			D)	variable.
19			A correlation exists when
			A)	one variable causes something to occur in another variable.
			B)	two or more variables are causally related.
			C)	a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable.
			D)	a negative relationship exists between two variables.
20			The degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study is termed
			A)	reliability.
			B)	validity.
			C)	sampling representativeness.
			D)	predictability.
21			Which of the following is NOT a form of survey?
			A)	interview
			B)	questionnaire
			C)	observation
			D)	All of the above are forms of surveys.
22			Which of the following is NOT an arena in which feminists are most likely to focus their ethnographic research?
			A)	playgrounds
			B)	street corners
			C)	grocery stores
			D)	front stoops
23			Which of the following terms is used to refer to subjects of observational research who deviate from their typical behavior because they realize that they are under observation?
			A)	Hawthorne effect
			B)	causal logic
			C)	secondary analysis
			D)	value neutrality