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| 1.
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Which of the following statements concerning human language is not true? |
| | A) | It permits the discussion of past and future. |
| | B) | It is based on arbitrary associations between words and the things they stand for. |
| | C) | It rarely reflects social differences. |
| | D) | It is transmitted through learning, as part of enculturation. |
| | E) | It allows one to benefit from others' experiences. |
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| 2.
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All of the following forms of nonverbal communication tend to have similar meanings cross-culturally except: |
| | A) | nodding. |
| | B) | tears. |
| | C) | smiles. |
| | D) | frowns. |
| | E) | laughs. |
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| 3.
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Words that have different meanings but differ in just one sound, such as "cat" and "bat," are known as: |
| | A) | subgroups. |
| | B) | dialects. |
| | C) | minimal pairs. |
| | D) | creoles. |
| | E) | focal terms. |
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| 4.
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The study of speech sounds in general, what people actually say in various languages, is known as: |
| | A) | historical linguistics. |
| | B) | morphology. |
| | C) | phonetics. |
| | D) | phonemics. |
| | E) | kinesics. |
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| 5.
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Which of the following is commonly used to communicate status differences in Madagascar? |
| | A) | bowing |
| | B) | falsetto voice |
| | C) | limp handshake |
| | D) | lowering one's head |
| | E) | firm handshake |
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| 6.
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The study of the significant sound contrasts of a given language is known as: |
| | A) | sociolinguistics. |
| | B) | morphology. |
| | C) | phonetics. |
| | D) | phonemics. |
| | E) | kinesics. |
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| 7.
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Who argued that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language, known as universal grammar? |
| | A) | William Labov |
| | B) | Edward Sapir |
| | C) | Pierre Bourdieu |
| | D) | Benjamin Lee Whorf |
| | E) | Noam Chomsky |
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| 8.
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"Pit" and "bit" are two English words that are differentiated by a single sound contrast: /p/ versus /b/. This means that /p/ and /b/ are ________ in English. |
| | A) | morphemes |
| | B) | lexicons |
| | C) | syntaxes |
| | D) | phonemes |
| | E) | kinesics |
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| 9.
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The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that: |
| | A) | the grammatical categories of particular languages lead their speakers to think about things in different ways. |
| | B) | there are ten basic color terms which evolve in a set order. |
| | C) | the way people think leads them to develop particular grammatical categories. |
| | D) | human brains contain a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. |
| | E) | women tend to build rapport with others when they speak, whereas men tend to report information in order to establish a place for themselves in a hierarchy. |
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| 10.
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In their cross-cultural study of color terms, Berlin and Kay found that: |
| | A) | there were 20 basic color terms used by societies. |
| | B) | basic color terms evolved in a more or less set order. |
| | C) | the number of color terms did not vary with cultural complexity. |
| | D) | color terminology was most developed in areas with a history of intensive agriculture. |
| | E) | Australian hunter-gatherers used only two basic color terms, which translate as red and blue. |
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| 11.
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Semantics refers to: |
| | A) | communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions. |
| | B) | the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences. |
| | C) | a language's meaning system. |
| | D) | specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups. |
| | E) | "high" and "low" variants of a language. |
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| 12.
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All people style shift--that is, they: |
| | A) | switch between "high" and "low" variants of a language. |
| | B) | vary their speech in different social contexts. |
| | C) | value the prestige dialect more than the speech of low-status groups. |
| | D) | use language and associated body movements to build rapport with others. |
| | E) | report information that serves to establish a place for themselves in a social hierarchy. |
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| 13.
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Which of the following statements concerning Black English Vernacular is not true? |
| | A) | It is systematic and rule-governed. |
| | B) | It is inferior to SE in terms of its ability to communicate complex ideas. |
| | C) | Linguists disagree about its origins. |
| | D) | Despite their omission of -ed as a past-tense marker and -s as a plurality marker, BEV speakers understand the difference between past and present verbs and between singular and plural nouns. |
| | E) | It has its own phonology and syntax, similar in some ways to those of southern dialects. |
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| 14.
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Languages that have descended from the same language are called: |
| | A) | historical linguistics. |
| | B) | daughter languages. |
| | C) | protolanguages. |
| | D) | linguistic subgroups. |
| | E) | Proto-IndoEuropean. |
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| 15.
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Bourdieu refers to the widespread acceptance of the authority and correctness of the prestige dialect--even by people who do not use it--as: |
| | A) | linguistic relativity. |
| | B) | linguistic stratification. |
| | C) | diglossia |
| | D) | symbolic capital. |
| | E) | symbolic domination. |
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