1. Currently, domination comes most frequently in the form of core-based multinational corporations causing economic change in Third World cultures.

2. It is noted that even well-intentioned interference (such as the environmentalist movement) may be treated as a form of cultural domination by subject populations.

3. Two sources of culture clash:

1. International development of oil resources in the rain forest of Papua-New Guinea threatens to destroy the ecosystem in which groups like the Kaluli have their cultural base.

2. An international case is being made to preserve the music of the Kaluli (which is interactive with the natural environment) and, by extension, the environment by promoting that music as a form of world music that is endangered.

1. Indiana Jones is symbolic of Western domination of all cultural aspects based upon specialized technological efficiency.

2. Religious homogenization is a technique frequently used by states trying to subdue groups encompassed by their borders.

1. Scott (1990) differentiates between public and hidden transcripts of culturally and politically oppressed peoples.

2. Gramsci’s (1971) notion of hegemony applies to a politically hierarchical system wherein in the dominant ideology of the elites has been internalized by members of the lower classes.

3. Bourdieu (1977) and Foucault (1979) argue that it is much easier to control people's minds than try to control their bodies.

1. As James Scott’s (1990) work on Malay peasants suggests, oppressed groups may use subtle, nonconfrontational methods to resist various forms of domination.

2. Examples of antihegemonic discourse include rituals (e.g., Carnaval) and folk literature.

3. Resistance is more likely to be public when the oppressed come together in groups (hence the antiassembly laws of the antebellum South).

1. Cultural imperialism refers to the spread of one culture at the expense of others usually because of differential economic or political influence.

2. While mass media and related technology have contributed to the erosion of local cultures, they are increasingly being used as media for the outward diffusion of local cultures (e.g., television in Brazil).

1. Global linguistic diversity seems to be falling at an increasing rate.

2. Some anthropologists are teaching native speakers of endangered languages to document their languages by way of a computer program that encodes speech.

1. Readers of a text all derive their own meanings and feelings, which may be different from what the creators of the text intended.

2. The hegemonic reading refers to the reading or meaning that the creators of a text intended.

1. According to Fiske (1989), each individual's use of popular culture is a creative act.

2. Popular culture can be used to express resistance.

1. Cultural forms exported from one culture to another do not necessarily carry the same meaning from the former context to the latter context.

2. Aboriginal interpretations of the movie Rambo demonstrate that meaning can be produced from a text, not by a text.

3. Appadurai’s analysis of Philippine indigenization of some American music forms demonstrates the uniqueness of the indigenized form.

1. Mass media can spread and create national and ethnic identities.

2. Cross-cultural studies show that locally produced television shows are preferred to foreign imports.

3. Mass media plays an important role in maintaining ethnic and national identities among people who lead transnational lives.

1. As with mass media, the flow of capital has become decentralized, carrying with it the cultural influences of many different sources (e.g., the United States, Japan, Britain, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands).

2. Migrant labor also contributes to cultural diffusion.

1. Postmodernity describes our time and situation--today’s world in flux, these people on the move who have learned to manage multiple identities depending on place and context.

2. Postmodern refers to the collapsing of old distinctions, rules, canons, and the like.

3. Postmodernism (derived from the architectural style) refers to the theoretical assertion and acceptance of multiple forms of rightness, in contradistinction to modernism, which was based in the assumed supremacy of Western technology and values.

4. Globalization refers to the increasing connectedness of the world and its peoples.

5. With this connectedness, however, come new bases for identities (e.g., the Panindian identity growing among formerly disparate tribes).

1. Invented by David Wallerstein, an executive at McDonald’s.

2. This concept is an extremely effective business strategy because expanding the size of portions allowed businesses to raise prices and increase sales without adding much to costs.

3. The American epidemic of obesity is a consequence of cheap and abundant food.

4. As people have become fatter, social norms have changed.

1. The fattening of America costs the American health system billions of dollars annually.

2. Overeating has become a political issue as obese customers have filed lawsuits against fast-food chains.

1. Americans exhibit ritual-like behavior at McDonald’s.

2. The McDonald’s experience is set in a standardized, formal setting with a restricted set of options and vocabulary to discuss those options.

3. Participation in McDonald’s is linked to a cultural system that transcends the chain itself.