 |
| 1 | |
Genetic drift is not a likely explanation for the high frequencies of the sickle cell allele (S allele) in certain populations because |
| | A) | the S allele is not fatal for homozygotes |
| | B) | high frequencies of the S allele occur only in certain environments |
| | C) | mutation introduces the S allele |
| | D) | natural selection eliminates the S allele |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
Malaria is |
| | A) | never found in the world today |
| | B) | rarely found in the world today |
| | C) | a common disease that affects many humans in the world today |
| | D) | the leading cause of death in humans today |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
The maximum fitness of an entire population (minimum number of deaths) and the balance between malaria and sickle cell anemia occurs when the frequency of the sickle cell allele is at what percent? |
| | A) | 1-2% |
| | B) | 5-20% |
| | C) | 45-55% |
| | D) | 80-90% |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
In the Duffy blood group, the negative allele provides resistance to vivax malaria. We would therefore expect to see higher frequencies of the Duffy negative allele in areas where vivax malaria is prevalent. The actual distribution of this allele shows that it is |
| | A) | equally distributed around the world |
| | B) | found mainly in areas where vivax malaria is prevalent |
| | C) | found mainly in Europe |
| | D) | found in areas where vivax malaria is absent |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Studies on the relationship of ABO blood types to infectious diseases have shown that type A blood seems more susceptible to _____, type B blood seems more susceptible to _______, and type O seems more susceptible to _________. |
| | A) | thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, dwarfism |
| | B) | smallpox, infantile diarrhea, bubonic plague |
| | C) | cancer, common cold, bubonic plague |
| | D) | dwarfism, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
The variation in ABO allele frequencies in our species could be a result of the effect of natural selection on blood types. This is known as |
| | A) | differential fitness |
| | B) | susceptibility to infectious disease |
| | C) | susceptibility to noninfectious disease |
| | D) | selection against the heterozygote |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
ABO allele frequencies also show different susceptibility to noninfectious diseases. For example, type A blood seems more susceptible to _____ and type O seems more susceptible to _________. |
| | A) | cancer, duodenal and stomach ulcers |
| | B) | irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes |
| | C) | dermatitis, Parkinson's |
| | D) | Alzheimer's, muscular dystrophy |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
The CCR5 gene mutation known as CCR5-Δ32 first emerged in European populations for which of the following reasons? |
| | A) | it confers resistance to HIV-1 infection |
| | B) | in order to protect people with the mutation from being infected with HIV-1 |
| | C) | it conferred resistance on a disease that was prevalent in Europe in the past |
| | D) | it confers cross-resistance to HIV-1 and the bubonic plague |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
Skin color is the result of |
| | A) | melanin |
| | B) | reflected color from blood vessels |
| | C) | foods |
| | D) | melanin and reflected color from blood vessels |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Skin color patterns around the world show that people tend to be |
| | A) | darkest near the equator |
| | B) | darkest the farthest away from the equator |
| | C) | darker in the Northern hemisphere |
| | D) | darker in areas with less UV radiation |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Possible factors in the evolution of dark skin are |
| | A) | overproduction of vitamin D |
| | B) | synthesis of vitamin D |
| | C) | injury from cold |
| | D) | folate deficiency |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Possible factors in the evolution of light skin are |
| | A) | synthesis of vitamin D |
| | B) | injury from cold |
| | C) | folate deficiency |
| | D) | synthesis of vitamin D and injury from cold |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
The Livingstone (1958) hypothesis proposes that high frequencies of the sickle cell anemia allele in malaria-ridden areas arose in response to what cultural behavior? |
| | A) | forestry |
| | B) | exogamy |
| | C) | irrigation |
| | D) | horticulture |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
Farming practice changed ______ environments in Africa into ______ environments, providing breeding grounds for the mosquitoes that transmit malaria. |
| | A) | densely forested, swampy |
| | B) | sunny, forested |
| | C) | savannah, coastal |
| | D) | jungle, savannah |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
The reason for higher levels of sickle cell anemia among African Americans than among European Americans is related to which of the following? |
| | A) | skin color |
| | B) | prevalence of malaria in Africa |
| | C) | african cultural traditions imported to the New World |
| | D) | natural selection operating on the S allele for sickle cell in the United States |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
The enzyme that allows milk sugar to be digested is |
| | A) | lactose |
| | B) | lactase |
| | C) | NIDDM |
| | D) | none of these |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
Lactose intolerance is rare in |
| | A) | European populations |
| | B) | the Fulani in Africa |
| | C) | people with a history of dairy farming |
| | D) | all of these |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
Lactose intolerance typically exists |
| | A) | in geographic areas where dairy farming is common |
| | B) | in populations that rely on milk in their diet |
| | C) | only in the Ibo and Bantus of Africa |
| | D) | in populations that do not practice dairy farming or rely on milk in their diet |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Temperature is a factor in the evolution of light skin. A study by Post and colleagues (1975) found that |
| | A) | light-skinned individuals are at a greater risk of frostbite than dark-skinned individuals |
| | B) | dark-skinned individuals are at a greater risk of frostbite than light-skinned individuals |
| | C) | skin color is unrelated to the risk of frostbite |
| | D) | sociological and health factors play the greatest role in the risk of frostbite |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
The CCR5 gene mutation known as CCR5-Δ32 shown to be resistant to HIV |
| | A) | was found in Bronze Age skeletons in Germany dating back 2,900 years |
| | B) | is responsible for the Bubonic Plague of the fourteenth century |
| | C) | may have been selected in the past due to resistance to smallpox |
| | D) | was found in Bronze Age skeletons in Germany dating back 2,900 years and may have been selected in the past due to resistance to smallpox |
|
|
.