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| 1 | |
When we believe that a relationship exists between two things, we are |
| | A) | more likely to notice the times that this belief was confirmed. |
| | B) | less likely to see any co-occurrences of other events. |
| | C) | more likely to notice the times that this belief was disconfirmed |
| | D) | less likely to look for co-occurrences of the same two things. |
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| 2 | |
In a classic study, Rosenhan, et al., had confederates check into a mental hospital and report hearing voices. All other information presented to the administrator and doctor was accurate, and no other symptoms were reported. The study reported that |
| | A) | they were all found out within one week. |
| | B) | most were diagnosed as schizophrenic and remained hospitalized for 2 to 3 weeks. |
| | C) | they were all found out immediately. |
| | D) | they were all kept in the hospital for at least a month. |
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| 3 | |
Dr. John, a clinical psychologist, erroneously believes that a particular response to Rorschach inkblots is more common among homosexuals. Consequently, he is more likely to regard a patient as homosexual if he/she exhibits that particular response to inkblots. This is an example of |
| | A) | the hindsight bias. |
| | B) | the overconfidence bias. |
| | C) | the use of open-ended questions. |
| | D) | illusory correlation. |
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| 4 | |
One of the LEAST accurate predictors of a criminal's future behavior is |
| | A) | statistical prediction of risk of recidivism. |
| | B) | past behavior. |
| | C) | previous research. |
| | D) | a clinician's intuition. |
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| 5 | |
One reason for overconfidence in clinical judgments is |
| | A) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | B) | the hindsight bias. |
| | C) | the self-referencing effect. |
| | D) | the medical students' syndrome. |
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| 6 | |
"Ignorance is bliss" would be the flipside of |
| | A) | depressive realism. |
| | B) | a positive explanatory style. |
| | C) | a realistic explanatory style. |
| | D) | the illusion of transparency. |
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| 7 | |
A negative or pessimistic way of attributing failure to internal causes is |
| | A) | an optimistic explanatory style. |
| | B) | a negative explanatory style. |
| | C) | a failure-oriented explanatory style. |
| | D) | an unrealistic explanatory style. |
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| 8 | |
Thinking of yourself as better-than-average and more in control of things than you really are is the construction of |
| | A) | the illusion of transparency. |
| | B) | the mirror-image perception. |
| | C) | the negative self-perception. |
| | D) | a positive illusion. |
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| 9 | |
An important factor in a depressed individual's thinking is |
| | A) | loneliness. |
| | B) | realistic optimism. |
| | C) | rumination. |
| | D) | a positive illusion. |
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| 10 | |
Feeling excluded, unloved, and being unable to share your private concerns with others is |
| | A) | loneliness. |
| | B) | realistic pessimism. |
| | C) | a positive illusion. |
| | D) | rumination. |
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| 11 | |
When researchers pit statistical prediction against intuitive (clinical) prediction |
| | A) | statistics usually win. |
| | B) | statistics always win. |
| | C) | intuitions usually win. |
| | D) | the results indicate that they are equally good predictors of clinical disorders. |
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| 12 | |
The study of the psychological roots of health and illness is |
| | A) | behavioral modification. |
| | B) | medical integration. |
| | C) | health psychology. |
| | D) | psychiatry. |
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| 13 | |
When predicting someone's risk of suicide |
| | A) | a combination of statistical prediction and clinical intuition yields the best prediction. |
| | B) | clinical intuition yields the best prediction. |
| | C) | statistical prediction yields the best prediction. |
| | D) | none of these. |
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| 14 | |
According to James Maddux (1993), professional clinicians are vulnerable to insidious errors and bias such as |
| | A) | illusory correlation. |
| | B) | being too readily convinced of their own after-the-fact analyses. |
| | C) | overestimating their clinical intuition. |
| | D) | All of these are errors to which clinicians are vulnerable. |
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| 15 | |
People who are depressed tend to think in _______________ terms. |
| | A) | angry |
| | B) | ambivalent |
| | C) | negative |
| | D) | unrealistic |
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| 16 | |
Mildly depressed people tend to |
| | A) | be worse gamblers than non-depressed people. |
| | B) | be better gamblers than non-depressed people. |
| | C) | make more accurate judgments, attributions, and predictions relative to nondepressed people. |
| | D) | make more inaccurate judgments, attributions, and predictions relative to non-depressed people. |
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| 17 | |
Depressed people are more likely than nondepressed people to exhibit |
| | A) | an optimistic explanatory style. |
| | B) | a negative explanatory style. |
| | C) | a failure-oriented explanatory style. |
| | D) | an unrealistic explanatory style. |
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| 18 | |
Depression |
| | A) | is a cause of negative cognitions. |
| | B) | is a consequence of negative cognitions. |
| | C) | is a both a cause and a consequence of negative cognitions. |
| | D) | has nothing to do with negative cognitions. |
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| 19 | |
Seligman believes that _______________ breeds hopelessness and self-blame when things don't go well, and that this has led (in part) to near-epidemic levels of depression in today's Western world. |
| | A) | the growth of atheism |
| | B) | the decline of religion and family plus the decline of individualism |
| | C) | the decline of religion and family plus the growth of individualism |
| | D) | the growth of religion and family plus the growth of individualism |
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| 20 | |
Several studies have confirmed that _______________ make(s) illness more likely. |
| | A) | depressive optimism |
| | B) | a pessimistic style of explaining bad events |
| | C) | an optimistic style of explaining bad events |
| | D) | positive illusions |
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