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| 1 | |
Witnesses that tend to be more accurate often |
| | A) | have a vivid memory for trivial details. |
| | B) | remember the event perfectly. |
| | C) | have a poor memory for trivial details. |
| | D) | have had their memories hypnotically refreshed. |
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| 2 | |
The misinformation effect is in part due to |
| | A) | open-ended questions. |
| | B) | bad police work. |
| | C) | racial prejudice. |
| | D) | suggestive questions. |
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| 3 | |
To reduce false memories and inaccuracy in eyewitness recollection during police questioning, most police now use |
| | A) | hypnosis. |
| | B) | leading questions. |
| | C) | sodium amatol. |
| | D) | a cognitive interview procedure. |
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| 4 | |
When eyewitnesses consistently identify a suspect from multiple lineups (face, body, voice samples), they |
| | A) | are nearly always poor eyewitnesses. |
| | B) | are generally extremely confident in their identification. |
| | C) | are nearly always an accurate eyewitness. |
| | D) | usually do poorly on the witness stand. |
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| 5 | |
In criminal cases, relative to those who oppose the death penalty, people who do not oppose the death penalty |
| | A) | are more likely to "hang" a jury. |
| | B) | feel that courts are too harsh on criminals. |
| | C) | are less likely to favor the prosecution. |
| | D) | are more likely to favor the prosecution. |
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| 6 | |
One reason a judge's instructions to ignore admissible testimony may boomerang and add to the testimony's impact is |
| | A) | reactance. |
| | B) | priming. |
| | C) | framing. |
| | D) | anchoring. |
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| 7 | |
The racial prejudice of a juror is likely to become relevant in which kind of trial? |
| | A) | a racially charged case |
| | B) | rapes or battered woman cases |
| | C) | personal injury awards in suits against business |
| | D) | a violent robbery-murder |
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| 8 | |
A juror's belief in personal responsibility is likely to become relevant in which kind of trail? |
| | A) | a racially charged case |
| | B) | rapes or battered woman cases |
| | C) | personal injury awards in suits against business |
| | D) | a violent murder-robbery |
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| 9 | |
People who are authoritarian—rigid, punitive, and contemptuous of those of lower status—are often |
| | A) | neglectful. |
| | B) | permissive. |
| | C) | authoritative. |
| | D) | more conviction-prone. |
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| 10 | |
When Elizabeth Loftus (1974, 1979) presented students with a hypothetical robbery-murder case with circumstantial evidence and no eyewitness testimony, only 18% voted for conviction. When a second group of students heard evidence from an eyewitness, ________________ voted for conviction. When a third group of students had the eyewitness's testimony discredited by the district attorney, _______________ voted for conviction. |
| | A) | 25%; 20%. |
| | B) | 95%; 95% |
| | C) | 72%; 68% |
| | D) | 95%; 18%. |
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| 11 | |
Deliberation by juries seems to lead to |
| | A) | group polarization. |
| | B) | groupthink. |
| | C) | hostility. |
| | D) | social identity changes. |
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| 12 | |
Low-authoritarian jurors, after deliberation |
| | A) | rarely change their minds. |
| | B) | become more strict. |
| | C) | are never as lenient as high authoritarian jurors. |
| | D) | become more lenient. |
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| 13 | |
Compared with criminal cases lacking eyewitness testimony, those that have eyewitness testimony are |
| | A) | more likely to produce hung juries. |
| | B) | equally likely to produce convictions. |
| | C) | less likely to produce convictions. |
| | D) | more likely to produce convictions. |
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| 14 | |
We are most at risk for false recollections made with high confidence with |
| | A) | faces of a different sex than our own. |
| | B) | faces of the same sex as our own. |
| | C) | faces of the same race as our own. |
| | D) | faces of a different race than our own. |
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| 15 | |
Given suggestive interview questions, _______________ preschoolers will produce false reports such as seeing a thief steal food in their day-care center. |
| | A) | no |
| | B) | some |
| | C) | most |
| | D) | all |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following has been shown to increase eyewitness's confidence in their identifications? |
| | A) | preparing for cross-examination |
| | B) | learning that no one else has identified the same person |
| | C) | increasing the time span between the identifying the person in the line-up and taking the stand at trial |
| | D) | none of these |
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| 17 | |
Gary Wells and Amy Bradfield (1998, 1999) had 352 Iowa Sate University students view a grainy security camera video of a man entering a store. Moments later, off camera, he murders a security guard. When the students then viewed a photo spread of the actual criminal case, MINUS the actual gunman's photo, what percentage of students made a false identification? |
| | A) | 0%. |
| | B) | 25% |
| | C) | 50% |
| | D) | 100% |
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| 18 | |
With regard to witnesses' line-up identifications, |
| | A) | quicker identifications are generally more accurate than slower identifications. |
| | B) | slower identifications are generally more accurate than quicker identifications. |
| | C) | the speed with which a witness makes an identification has no effect on accuracy. |
| | D) | the most accurate identifications take approximately 60 seconds to make. |
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| 19 | |
Witnesses are LESS likely to make a false identification |
| | A) | when asked to make yes or no judgments in non-linear lineups. |
| | B) | when asked to identify a person using computerized simultaneous lineups. |
| | C) | when asked to identify a person using standard ("live") simultaneous lineups. |
| | D) | when asked to make yes or no judgments in sequential lineups. |
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| 20 | |
Which of the following is true? |
| | A) | Jurors can easily interpret a judge's instructions. |
| | B) | Experienced jurors' judgments do not differ from those of novice jurors. |
| | C) | A severe potential punishment for the defendant makes jurors more likely to convict. |
| | D) | Defendants are judged more harshly when the victim is attractive or has suffered greatly. |
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