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| 1 | |
While sociology studies __________, social psychology focuses on __________. |
| | A) | people in groups; individuals |
| | B) | societies; groups |
| | C) | how individuals affect each other; differences among individuals |
| | D) | society; behavior |
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| 2 | |
When Jill attended a convention recently, she behaved in a manner that seemed totally out of character for her. Social psychologists would likely attribute her inconsistent behavior to |
| | A) | previously inhibited personal attitudes. |
| | B) | her repressed personality. |
| | C) | deeply rooted biological factors. |
| | D) | social influences. |
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| 3 | |
As a social psychologist, Jack will most likely be aware that |
| | A) | social psychology is a collection of findings about social behavior. |
| | B) | social psychologists are highly objective. |
| | C) | social psychologists are influenced by their values. |
| | D) | values are more likely to differ across cultures than over time. |
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| 4 | |
"Aha!" declared Robert. "I knew all along that better educated soldiers suffer fewer adjustment problems than less educated soldiers." Robert is exhibiting the |
| | A) | foresight bias. |
| | B) | hindsight bias. |
| | C) | self-serving bias. |
| | D) | confirmation bias. |
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| 5 | |
Researchers hypothesize that people who drive SUVs are bullies. Researchers set up a hidden camera by a four-point stop sign and observe what kind of car/driver is more likely to stop fully and/or not yield to the other driver's right-of-way. What kind of study is this? |
| | A) | a laboratory experiment |
| | B) | field research |
| | C) | a case study |
| | D) | a correlational study |
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| 6 | |
Researchers examined the effects of the number of bystanders on people's likelihood of helping a stranger in distress. Either alone or in the company of others, a subject witnessed an individual in need of help. Researchers then measured how likely the subject was to help the distressed individual. In this example, the number of bystanders would be the |
| | A) | independent variable. |
| | B) | dependent variable. |
| | C) | random variable. |
| | D) | confounding variable. |
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| 7 | |
Researchers were interested in the relationship between the amount of aggressive media watched and observable acts of aggressive behavior by children towards others. They separated subjects into three groups: group one watched 5 hours a week of aggressive media; group two watched 10 hours a week of aggressive media; and group three watched 15 hours of aggressive media. Researchers then polled the parents or teachers on the child's observable aggressive behavior. In this example, aggressive behavior would be the |
| | A) | independent variable. |
| | B) | dependent variable. |
| | C) | random variable. |
| | D) | confounding variable. |
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| 8 | |
Mary and Steve were getting divorced. The fact that each attributed most of their marital problems to the other demonstrates how |
| | A) | self concerns motivate social behavior. |
| | B) | social relationships help define who we are. |
| | C) | self-interest colors our social judgment. |
| | D) | we tend to believe that our emotions can be easily read by others. |
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| 9 | |
Minority groups often define themselves by attending to |
| | A) | similarities between themselves and the majority group. |
| | B) | the way they are presented in the media as the primary guide to their identity. |
| | C) | differences between themselves and the majority group. |
| | D) | the similarities they have with other minority groups. |
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| 10 | |
Zachary has nightmares about being homeless when he grows up; Xenia dreams of becoming a famous ballerina. These images represent Zachary and Xenia's |
| | A) | possible selves. |
| | B) | self-concepts. |
| | C) | self-schemas. |
| | D) | social identities. |
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| 11 | |
You left high school with a 3.8 GPA and have always believed you were "much smarter than the average bear." Now you are in a college where everyone had a 3.8 GPA in high school and great SAT scores. Suddenly you are struggling to keep up with the pack and feel less and less intelligent as the semesters go by. This is due to |
| | A) | social identity. |
| | B) | the social comparison effect. |
| | C) | self-reference effects. |
| | D) | the looking-glass self phenomenon. |
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| 12 | |
George Herbert Mead believed that our self-concept is based on |
| | A) | how others see us. |
| | B) | our sense of accomplishment. |
| | C) | how we imagine others see us. |
| | D) | the praise we receive from others. |
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| 13 | |
People in Florida know that hurricanes happen often during the hurricane season. For this reason, at the beginning of the hurricane season they buy supplies to make sure they can protect their property and families. This planning and preparedness illustrates |
| | A) | an external locus of control. |
| | B) | high self-monitoring. |
| | C) | high self-efficacy. |
| | D) | an internal locus of control. |
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| 14 | |
After a test in which you get an A, you explain that you studied hard and deserved it. Yet after you fail the next test, you explain that you failed because you were out partying the night before, your roommate woke you up early, you felt sick, etc. This is an example of |
| | A) | high self-monitoring. |
| | B) | the actor/observer effect. |
| | C) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | D) | the self-serving bias. |
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| 15 | |
A student is told to give a speech in favor of the death penalty. After the speech, the class is informed that the speaker was told to present only that side (in favor) of the issue. Even so, students overwhelmingly believe that the speaker believes in the death penalty. This illustrates |
| | A) | the actor/observer effect. |
| | B) | the self-serving bias. |
| | C) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | D) | correspondence. |
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| 16 | |
If, as a juror, you watch a videotaped confession where the camera is focused on the detective, you are more likely to perceive the confession as coerced. This is due to the |
| | A) | fundamental attribution error. |
| | B) | camera perspective bias. |
| | C) | self-serving bias. |
| | D) | suspicious schema. |
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| 17 | |
If I told you that you were going to meet someone "warm," the odds are you would enjoy your contact with that person. Conversely, if I introduced you to someone I described as "cold," you'd most likely not want to talk to the person. This illustrates |
| | A) | the suspicious schema. |
| | B) | anchoring. |
| | C) | priming. |
| | D) | the foot-in-the-door technique. |
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| 18 | |
If, on day one, you had written down the grade you expected to receive on your first exam in this class, you, and most of your classmates, would most likely write down an A. However, you wind up getting a C on the first test. This is due to |
| | A) | overconfidence. |
| | B) | bad grading. |
| | C) | the self-serving bias. |
| | D) | the self-fulfilling prophecy |
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| 19 | |
Anil looked over the syllabus for his social psychology class and determined that he would have lots of time to write his research paper if he began it after the first midterm. As the final week of class was approaching, he saw that he had been wrong and his paper was nowhere near finished. Anil suffered from |
| | A) | the self-serving bias. |
| | B) | the planning fallacy. |
| | C) | rosy retrospection. |
| | D) | blind sight. |
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| 20 | |
Hiro is annoyed every time someone asks him for help with statistics. Although he never did very well in math, his classmates assume he is highly gifted because he is Japanese-American. This tendency to assume Hiro is good at math because he is Asian-American illustrates |
| | A) | the availability heuristic. |
| | B) | counterfactual thinking. |
| | C) | the representativeness heuristic. |
| | D) | an illusory correlation. |
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| 21 | |
If someone cuts you off in traffic according to attribution theory, you are most likely to attribute that person's behavior to __________; if you cut someone else off, you are most likely to attribute your behavior to__________. |
| | A) | dispositional factors; dispositional factors |
| | B) | dispositional factors; situational factors |
| | C) | situational factors; dispositional factors |
| | D) | situational factors; situational factors |
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| 22 | |
The best way to determine if someone really cares about the environment would be to |
| | A) | ask how they voted. |
| | B) | ask them about their attitude. |
| | C) | see what political party they belong to. |
| | D) | look at what kind of car they chose to purchase. |
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| 23 | |
If you are paid $20 to lie to someone versus $1 to tell the same lie to someone, you are LESS likely to experience dissonance. Why? |
| | A) | the overjustification effect. |
| | B) | insufficient justification effect. |
| | C) | the insufficient funds effect. |
| | D) | the underjustification effect. |
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| 24 | |
Social psychologist Allan Wicker (1971) stated, "It may be desirable to abandon the attitude concept" because |
| | A) | it is too difficult to understand people's attitudes. |
| | B) | the attitude research is highly biased. |
| | C) | the concept of "attitudes" is too broad to be meaningful. |
| | D) | attitudes determine virtually nothing. |
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| 25 | |
Your girlfriend asks you if you'd be willing to run really quickly into the grocery store with her. You agree. However, once in the car, she asks if you'd mind running three other errands with her. Begrudgingly you say yes. She has used which of the following techniques? |
| | A) | slave labor. |
| | B) | the door-in-the-face technique. |
| | C) | the foot-in-the-door technique. |
| | D) | the low-ball technique. |
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| 26 | |
Six-year-old Talal enjoys drawing with colored pencils. One day his teacher says she is going to reward him for using the pencils, and she does. What would explain why Talal no longer seems to enjoy using colored pencils? |
| | A) | the insufficient justification effect |
| | B) | the overjustification effect |
| | C) | self-affirmation theory |
| | D) | cognitive dissonance theory |
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| 27 | |
According to Shipman (2003), if we traced our roots back far enough (i.e., approximately 100,000 years), our ancestors would all be |
| | A) | African. |
| | B) | Asian. |
| | C) | European. |
| | D) | Semitic. |
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| 28 | |
As Mireille grows up, she learns the proper way to address different people, depending on their age, their relation to her, and their social status. These accepted and expected behaviors are |
| | A) | attitudes. |
| | B) | universal friendly norms. |
| | C) | perspectives. |
| | D) | universal status norms. |
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| 29 | |
If outgoing and friendly people reproduce more than socially withdrawn and unfriendly people, we should see more outgoing and friendly people in the next generation. This illustrates |
| | A) | variation. |
| | B) | natural selection. |
| | C) | heredity of the species. |
| | D) | ontogeny. |
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| 30 | |
An interaction is said to occur when |
| | A) | two streets meet. |
| | B) | the effect of one factor causes another. |
| | C) | two attitudes meet. |
| | D) | the effect of one factor depends upon another. |
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| 31 | |
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of males? |
| | A) | They are more likely to have ADHD. |
| | B) | They are more likely to be depressed. |
| | C) | They are more likely to be able to wiggle their ears. |
| | D) | They are more likely to commit suicide. |
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| 32 | |
Evolutionary psychology predicts sex differences with regard to |
| | A) | selecting mates. |
| | B) | taste preferences for nourishing our bodies. |
| | C) | developing calluses where skin meets friction. |
| | D) | regulating heat by sweating. |
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| 33 | |
Aggression is influenced by |
| | A) | estrogen. |
| | B) | progesterone. |
| | C) | testosterone. |
| | D) | dopamine. |
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| 34 | |
Young immigrant children often prefer the language and norms of their new peer culture. This is because |
| | A) | the parents make them speak the language. |
| | B) | they want to pretend they're not immigrants. |
| | C) | peer groups have more influence in transmitting culture. |
| | D) | the norm demands it. |
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| 35 | |
You go out to dinner with three of your good friends. Friends 1 and 2 order dessert. Next, Friend 3 orders dessert. When the waiter gets to you, even though you are dieting, you order dessert. Why? |
| | A) | conformity |
| | B) | compliance |
| | C) | obedience |
| | D) | persuasion |
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| 36 | |
The "teacher/learner" paradigm, which has been extensively used by researchers to investigate a variety of phenomena, was used by |
| | A) | Asch to investigate conformity. |
| | B) | Milgram to investigate obedience. |
| | C) | Bandura to investigate social learning theory. |
| | D) | Zimbardo to investigate the power of the situation. |
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| 37 | |
Milgram's study was criticized for |
| | A) | being unscientific. |
| | B) | not producing any useable data. |
| | C) | being unethical. |
| | D) | not furthering the understanding of human behavior. |
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| 38 | |
Groups often reject people who consistently deviate from social roles. These people appear to be unaffected by |
| | A) | proximal influence. |
| | B) | normative influence. |
| | C) | informational influence. |
| | D) | qualitative influence. |
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| 39 | |
If your parents tell you that you can't drink until you are 21, you may well go out drinking before then. Psychologists refer to this as |
| | A) | repression. |
| | B) | catharsis. |
| | C) | reactance. |
| | D) | reaction formation. |
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| 40 | |
Humans not only want to be different from "average-others" but, more importantly, they wish to be BETTER than "average-others." This is due to |
| | A) | the self-serving bias. |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | C) | the actor/observer effect. |
| | D) | self-presentation. |
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| 41 | |
Social psychologists are most likely to study persuasion using |
| | A) | field studies. |
| | B) | brief, controlled experiments. |
| | C) | correlational studies. |
| | D) | long, controlled experiments. |
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| 42 | |
When people are presented with information, and they are naturally analytical or the information is highly involving, they are likely to be persuaded via the __________ route to persuasion. When people are not engaged with the information, or they tend to make snap judgments, they are more likely persuaded via the __________ route. |
| | A) | peripheral; central |
| | B) | elaborative; peripheral |
| | C) | central; peripheral |
| | D) | central; elaborative |
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| 43 | |
A small town used a variety of strategies over a six-month period to persuade the residents to stop smoking. At the end of six months, there appeared to be no reduction in cigarette sales. However, a survey one year later showed a significant reduction in cigarette sales which demonstrates |
| | A) | the sleeper effect. |
| | B) | the power of using a peripheral route to persuasion. |
| | C) | the power of using a central route to persuasion. |
| | D) | use of social persuasion. |
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| 44 | |
Research on persuasion suggests that |
| | A) | people are not generally influenced by attractiveness. |
| | B) | people are not generally influenced by speaker credibility. |
| | C) | people tend to be influenced by speaker likeability. |
| | D) | people are not generally influenced by attractiveness when arguments are emotional. |
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| 45 | |
Which of the following messages is NOT likely to be as persuasive as the others? |
| | A) | Messages conveyed by popular and attractive communicators. |
| | B) | Messages that appear to be designed to change our attitudes. |
| | C) | Messages that arouse strong emotions. |
| | D) | Messages presented by communicators who appear to be credible experts. |
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| 46 | |
Virginia Richards is running for public office. Which strategy is most likely to help her win the election? |
| | A) | repeated media exposure |
| | B) | passive appeals |
| | C) | exploiting the recency effect |
| | D) | massive mailings to registered voters |
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| 47 | |
Historically, social facilitation referred |
| | A) | to both improvements and detriments to performance. |
| | B) | only to detriments in performance. |
| | C) | only to improved performance. |
| | D) | to an effect seen only when more than 10 people were present. |
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| 48 | |
Zajonc argues that social facilitation leads to arousal which enhances |
| | A) | performance. |
| | B) | the dominant response. |
| | C) | the submissive response. |
| | D) | the self-presentation response. |
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| 49 | |
When Ingham (1974) told students they were pulling on a rope alone, or that two to five people behind them were pulling as well, he found that they pulled hardest when |
| | A) | they believed they were pulling with two people. |
| | B) | they believed they were pulling with three people. |
| | C) | they believed they were pulling with four or five people. |
| | D) | they believed they were pulling alone. |
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| 50 | |
Marcos will be meeting with a group of his employees to design a sensitive strategy for working with highly confidential information. To avoid problems with groupthink, he should |
| | A) | encourage critical evaluation. |
| | B) | immediately present his position. |
| | C) | keep the group working together throughout the whole designing process. |
| | D) | discourage input from people outside the group. |
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