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| 1 | |
Dr. Samuelson is using the scientific method to study human development. She is currently working with a theory to develop hypotheses for her study. At which step in the scientific method is Dr. Samuelson? |
| | A) | 1 |
| | B) | 2 |
| | C) | 3 |
| | D) | 4 |
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| 2 | |
The structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality is called: ______. |
| | A) | the id. |
| | B) | the superego. |
| | C) | an Oedipus complex. |
| | D) | the ego. |
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| 3 | |
Which person is in Freud's latency stage of development? |
| | A) | Abigail feels pleasure from mastering toilet training. |
| | B) | Mark finds stimulation of his genitals pleasurable. |
| | C) | Clarice is developing sexual interest in boys. |
| | D) | David appears uninterested in sexuality, as he develops social and intellectual skills. |
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| 4 | |
What is the correct sequence of stages in Freud's personality theory of development? |
| | A) | oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| | B) | oral, phallic, genital, anal, latency |
| | C) | oral, phallic, latency, anal, genital |
| | D) | oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital |
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| 5 | |
Which theorist proposed eight stages of psychosocial development? |
| | A) | Jean Piaget |
| | B) | Sigmund Freud |
| | C) | Erik Erikson |
| | D) | Karen Horney |
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| 6 | |
When Adam's mother attempts to help him get dressed, Adam says, "No, me do." Adam's assertion of independence is characteristic of which psychosocial stage of development? |
| | A) | trust versus mistrust |
| | B) | autonomy versus shame and doubt |
| | C) | industry versus inferiority |
| | D) | identity versus identity confusion |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages experienced by adults in Erikson's theory? |
| | A) | identity versus identity confusion |
| | B) | intimacy versus isolation |
| | C) | generativity versus stagnation |
| | D) | integrity versus despair |
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| 8 | |
All but which of the following are criticisms of the psychoanalytic approach? |
| | A) | The sexual underpinnings of development are given too much importance. |
| | B) | The unconscious mind is given too much credit for influencing development. |
| | C) | Psychoanalytic theories present an image of humans that is too positive. |
| | D) | Psychoanalytic theories are culture- and gender-biased. |
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| 9 | |
Which psychologist is working from a Piagetian approach? |
| | A) | Dr. Addie says, "Children actively construct their understanding of their world." |
| | B) | Dr. Brattleboro says, "Human motivation is primarily social; it reflects a desire to be with others." |
| | C) | Dr. Carver says, "Behavior is a surface characteristic of the inner workings of the mind." |
| | D) | Dr. Dorminey says, "Behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is tied to evolution." |
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| 10 | |
What is the correct order of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development? |
| | A) | sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operations, concrete operations |
| | B) | sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations |
| | C) | preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations, sensorimotor |
| | D) | preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operations, formal operations |
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| 11 | |
Infancy is to ______ as adolescence is to _______. |
| | A) | preoperations/formal operations |
| | B) | concrete operations/preoperations |
| | C) | sensorimotor/concrete operations |
| | D) | sensorimotor/formal operations |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following is NOT an assumption of Vygotsky's perspective on development? |
| | A) | Children adapt their thinking to new ideas via the processes of assimilation and accommodation. |
| | B) | Culture and social interactions guide children's cognitive development. |
| | C) | Learning is best advanced through interaction with others in cooperative activities. |
| | D) | Children's educational interactions should be with more-skilled adults and peers. |
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| 13 | |
Advancements in computer technology have stimulated research and growth in which approach to cognitive development? |
| | A) | Piaget's cognitive developmental theory |
| | B) | The information-processing approach |
| | C) | Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory |
| | D) | Pavlov's classical conditioning theory |
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| 14 | |
______ is to "operant conditioning" as ______ is to "social cognitive theory." |
| | A) | Skinner/Bandura |
| | B) | Skinner/Pavlov |
| | C) | Pavlov/Watson |
| | D) | Pavlov/Bandura |
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| 15 | |
Another term for observational learning is: ______. |
| | A) | modeling. |
| | B) | imitation. |
| | C) | reward. |
| | D) | both a and b. |
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| 16 | |
The ethological perspective includes all of the following EXCEPT: ______. |
| | A) | imprinting. |
| | B) | eclecticism. |
| | C) | critical period. |
| | D) | the Lorenz study with goslings. |
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| 17 | |
Ten-year-old Allison is from a loving, nurturing family. Partly as a result of her family structure, Allison finds it easy to get along with her classmates and teacher. This reflects which environmental system? |
| | A) | microsystem |
| | B) | mesosystem |
| | C) | exosystem |
| | D) | chronosystem |
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| 18 | |
Which of the following statements regarding the emphasis on cognition in various perspectives is FALSE? |
| | A) | Cognition is strongly de-emphasized in behavioral approaches such as Skinner's and Pavlov's. |
| | B) | Cognition is not emphasized in ethological or ecological perspectives. |
| | C) | Cognition is emphasized in the psychoanalytic perspective, but only in the form of conscious thought. |
| | D) | Cognition is the primary determinant of behavior in Piaget's and Vygotsky's perspectives. |
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| 19 | |
Which psychologist is not using a descriptive method of research? |
| | A) | Dr. Aubrey observes and records patterns of peer interaction in a day-care center. |
| | B) | Dr. Brown designs a carefully controlled procedure in which he can manipulate one variable to see its effect on another variable. |
| | C) | Dr. Chan compiles information about a subject's life. |
| | D) | Dr. Davidson interviews parents about their attitudes toward local and national schools. |
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| 20 | |
Dr. Williams is interested in quickly collecting information regarding parental attitudes and discipline practices in several communities. Which research method should Williams select? |
| | A) | interview or survey |
| | B) | observational method |
| | C) | case study |
| | D) | standardized test |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following is not part of the experimental method? |
| | A) | control group |
| | B) | random assignment |
| | C) | correlational research |
| | D) | dependent variable |
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| 22 | |
Dr. Breyer conducts an experiment to test the effect of ice cream consumption on weight gain. Breyer has three groups of subjects; group 1 receives no ice cream. For 30 days, members of group 2 consume 2 ounces of ice cream per day, and members of group 3 consume 10 ounces of ice cream per day. In Breyer's experiment, ice cream is the: ______. |
| | A) | independent variable. |
| | B) | dependent variable. |
| | C) | control group. |
| | D) | experimental group. |
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| 23 | |
Which research approach involves only the study of the same individuals over a period of time? |
| | A) | longitudinal |
| | B) | cross-sectional |
| | C) | sequential |
| | D) | all of these |
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| 24 | |
After conducting his research, Dr. Kerry tells each subject the purpose of and methods used in the study. This procedure reflects which ethical guideline established by the American Psychological Association? |
| | A) | deception |
| | B) | debriefing |
| | C) | confidentiality |
| | D) | informed consent |
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| 25 | |
A research article states, "There were 20 Latino subjects and 20 African American subjects." A reviewer responds, "These descriptions may mask important differences within the Latino and African American groups." The reviewer's comment is concerned with the issue of: ______. |
| | A) | ethology. |
| | B) | imprinting. |
| | C) | ethnic gloss. |
| | D) | assimilation. |
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| 26 | |
The beliefs of Eastern cultures (such as Chinese and Japanese) about child rearing differ from those of Western cultures (such as American or German), especially in regard to family. Which of the following beliefs is prevalent in Eastern cultures and not in Western ones? |
| | A) | Children should behave and think independently. |
| | B) | Children should fit in and comply with their peer group more than with the family or with teachers and other authority figures. |
| | C) | If a child does something wrong, it shames the family; if he or she does something right, it brings honor to the family. |
| | D) | Adolescents in Eastern cultures are much less likely to say that their parents are disappointed in them. |
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