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| 1 | |
Bethany is entering the early childhood period of development. If she is average, Bethany will grow about ______ inches per year during this period. |
| | A) | .25 |
| | B) | 1.5 |
| | C) | 2.5 |
| | D) | 3.5 |
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| 2 | |
Five-year-old Madison is unusually short for his age; this is probably due to which of the following factors? |
| | A) | Madison experienced abuse and neglect as an infant, before being adopted by his current family. |
| | B) | Madison experienced problems in his prenatal development, perhaps exposure to some teratogen. |
| | C) | Madison was chronically sick in the first 2 years of life, which stunted his growth. |
| | D) | Any of these can be explanations for Madison's height. |
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| 3 | |
Regarding brain development in early childhood, which of the following statements is TRUE? |
| | A) | Increases in brain size are due primarily to increases in the number and size of nerve endings and to myelination. |
| | B) | The concentration of dopamine decreases considerably from ages 3 to 6. |
| | C) | From age 6 through puberty, the most rapid growth takes place in the frontal lobes. |
| | D) | From age 3 through 6, the most rapid growth takes place in the temporal and parietal lobes. |
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| 4 | |
Jordan can carry a 16-pound object, kick a rolling ball, and skip alternating feet. Given the average development of gross motor skills, what age range is Jordan likely to be in? |
| | A) | 19 to 36 months |
| | B) | 37 to 48 months |
| | C) | 49 to 60 months |
| | D) | 61 to 72 months |
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| 5 | |
Chan can string and lace shoelaces, cut following a line, string ten beads, and copy a figure "X." Given the average development of fine motor skills, what age range is Chan likely to be in? |
| | A) | 19 to 36 months |
| | B) | 37 to 48 months |
| | C) | 49 to 60 months |
| | D) | 61 to 72 months |
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| 6 | |
Regarding the development of handedness, which of the following statements is FALSE? |
| | A) | Preference for one hand is linked with dominance of one brain hemisphere over the other in carrying out motor skills. |
| | B) | Handedness develops during early childhood. |
| | C) | Handedness develops via both genetic and environmental mechanisms. |
| | D) | Right-handed children have more problems with reading than left-handed children. |
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| 7 | |
One of the most common nutritional problems in early childhood is iron deficiency anemia. This problem results from the failure to eat: ________. |
| | A) | a high-fiber diet. |
| | B) | foods that are low in fat, simple sugars, and salt. |
| | C) | adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables. |
| | D) | adequate amounts of carbohydrates. |
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| 8 | |
Regarding children's health and causes of death, which of the following statements is FALSE? |
| | A) | The most common cause of children's deaths in developing countries is diarrhea. |
| | B) | Homicides are the leading cause of death in young children in the United States. |
| | C) | Children from low-income families more often have colds and less resistance to disease. |
| | D) | Since 1990, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of children who have died of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in developing countries. |
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| 9 | |
Two-year-old Dominic has developed the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present. Which of Piaget's stages describes Dominic's level of development? |
| | A) | symbolic function substage |
| | B) | egocentrism stage |
| | C) | preoperational stage |
| | D) | intuitive thought substage |
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| 10 | |
Four-year-old Carlos trips and falls. He yells, "That stupid sidewalk—it made me fall!" Carlos is demonstrating which aspect of preoperational thinking? |
| | A) | egocentrism |
| | B) | animism |
| | C) | operation |
| | D) | centration |
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| 11 | |
Ten-year-old Miranda understands that changing the shape of a ball of clay does not change the amount of clay. According to Piaget, Miranda has developed which ability? |
| | A) | conservation |
| | B) | egocentrism |
| | C) | zone of proximal development |
| | D) | scaffolding |
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| 12 | |
______ is Vygotsky's term suggesting that over the course of a teaching session, the teacher should change the level of support given to fit the student's performance level. |
| | A) | Theory of mind |
| | B) | Zone of proximal development |
| | C) | Scaffolding |
| | D) | Social construction |
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| 13 | |
In which way are Vygotsky's and Piaget's perspectives similar? |
| | A) | Both suggested that education plays a central role in helping children learn the tools of the culture. |
| | B) | Both suggested that language plays a minimal role in shaping cognitive development. |
| | C) | Both believed that knowledge is socially constructed. |
| | D) | Both thought that teachers should be facilitators and guides rather than directors. |
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| 14 | |
Regarding information processing in early childhood, which of the following statements is FALSE? |
| | A) | The child's attention dramatically improves, including an ability to attend to relevant nonsalient features in performing a task. |
| | B) | Children can be led into developing false memories. |
| | C) | Significant improvements occur in short-term memory. |
| | D) | Young children usually do not use strategies for remembering information. |
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| 15 | |
Three-year-old Shakira's understanding of theory of mind probably includes all but which of the following? |
| | A) | an ability to distinguish between positive and negative emotions |
| | B) | a realization that what she sees might be different from what another child sees |
| | C) | an understanding that when someone wants something, he or she will engage in an action to meet that desire |
| | D) | a realization that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately |
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| 16 | |
For which contribution to developmental psychology is Jean Berko known? |
| | A) | crafting a revolutionary approach to early childhood education |
| | B) | identifying the zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
| | C) | conducting a classic experiment demonstrating that children understand morphological rules |
| | D) | developing tests such as the three-mountain task and conservation tasks to assess children's level of cognitive development |
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| 17 | |
Vygotsky's term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with assistance is: ________. |
| | A) | zone of proximal development (ZPD). |
| | B) | centration. |
| | C) | conservation. |
| | D) | scaffolding. |
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| 18 | |
The most dramatic changes in early childhood language development occur in which area? |
| | A) | pragmatics |
| | B) | syntax |
| | C) | semantics |
| | D) | phonology and morphology |
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| 19 | |
All but which of the following are components of a child-centered kindergarten? |
| | A) | emphasis on individual variation |
| | B) | emphasis on academics |
| | C) | focus on the importance of play |
| | D) | focus on the process, rather than the outcome, of learning |
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| 20 | |
Early childhood programs that make use of abstract paper-and-pencil activities with large groups of children are considered: ______. |
| | A) | age appropriate and individual appropriate. |
| | B) | age appropriate and individual inappropriate. |
| | C) | age inappropriate and individual appropriate. |
| | D) | age inappropriate and individual inappropriate. |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following is a compensatory education program designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire important school success skills? |
| | A) | the Montessori approach |
| | B) | Project Head Start |
| | C) | child-centered kindergarten |
| | D) | NAEYC (National Association for the Education of Young Children) |
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