| A) | An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom in choosing activities.
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| B) | The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's (salient feature of the first substage of preoperational thought).
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| C) | The memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal.
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| D) | A government-funded program designed to provide low-income children with the opportunities needed for school success.
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| E) | The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
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| F) | Piaget's first substage of preoperational thought, in which a child can mentally represent an object that is not present.
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| G) | In Piaget's theory, awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties.
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| H) | Piaget's second substage of preoperational thought—a child begins to reason primitively.
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| I) | Vygotsky's term for tasks too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with assistance.
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| J) | An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the idea that knowledge is mutually built and constructed.
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| K) | In Piaget's theory, internalized sets of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formerly did physically.
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| L) | The process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.
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| M) | Refers to the awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
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| N) | The minimum amount of energy a person uses in a resting state.
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| O) | Education that is appropriate for the child's physical, cognitive, and social development.
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| P) | Education that is both age-appropriate and individually -appropriate.
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| Q) | Deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information.
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| R) | The focusing of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.
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