Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology Prologue: A Calamity Called Katrina Looking Ahead Module 1: Psychologists at Work The Subfields of Psychology: Psychology's Family Tree Working at Psychology Module 2: A Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future The Roots of Psychology Today's Perspectives Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Psychology Matters Module 3: Psychology's Key Issues and Controversies Psychology's Key Issues and Controversies Exploring Diversity: Understanding How Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Influence Behavior Psychology's Future Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Thinking Critically About Psychology Distinguishing Legitimate Psychology from Pseudo-Psychology Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 2 Psychological Research Prologue: Why Did No One Help? Looking Ahead Module 4 The Scientific Method Theories: Specifying Broad Explanations Hypotheses: Crafting Testable Predictions Module 5 Conducting Psychological Research Archival Research Naturalistic Observation Survey Research Applying Psychology in the 21st Century:Secret Bias: Using the Implicit Association Test to Measure Hidden Prejudice The Case Study Correlational Research Experimental Research Module 6 Critical Research Issues The Ethics of Research Exploring Diversity: Choosing Participants Who Represent the Scope of Human Behavior Should Animals Be Used in Research? Threats to Experiment Validity: Experimenter and Participant Expectations Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Thinking Critically About Research Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 3 Neuroscience and Behavior Prologue: Out of Jail Looking Ahead Module 7 Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior The Structure of the Neuron How Neurons Fire Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical Couriers Module 8 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communicating Within the Body The Nervous System The Endocrine System: Of Chemicals and Glands Module 9 The Brain Studying the Brain's Structure and Functions: Spying on the Brain Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Mind Reading: Harnessing Brainpower to Improve Lives The Central Core: Our "Old Brain" The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core The Cerebral Cortex: Our "New" Brain Mending the Brain The Specialization of the Hemispheres: Two Brains or One? Exploring Diversity: Human Diversity and the Brain The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Learning to Control Your Heart—and Mind—through Biofeedback Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception Prologue: Feeling No Pain Looking Ahead Module 10 Sensing the World Around Us Absolute Thresholds: Detecting What's Out There Difference Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions Between Stimuli Sensory Adaptation: Turning Down Our Responses Module 11 Vision: Shedding Light on the Eye Illuminating the Structure of the Eye Color Vision and Color Blindness: The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum Module 12 Hearing and the Other Senses Sensing Sound Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Making Senses: New Technology for Hearing and Seeing Smell and Taste The Skin Senses: Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Managing Pain How Our Senses Interact Module 13 Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World The Gestalt Laws of Organization Feature Analysis: Focusing on the Parts of the Whole Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Perceptual Constancy Depth Perception: Translating 2-D to 3-D Motion Perception: As the World Turns Perceptual Illusions: The Deceptions of Perceptions Exploring Diversity: Culture and Perception Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 5 States of Consciousness Prologue: Violent Sleep Looking Ahead Module 14 Sleep and Dreams The Stages of Sleep REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary? The Function and Meaning of Dreaming Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Analyze This Sleep Disturbances: Slumbering Problems Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles Daydreams: Dreams Without Sleep Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Sleeping Better Module 15 Hypnosis and Meditation Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience Meditation: Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness Exploring Diversity: Cross-Cultural Routes to Altered States of Consciousness Module 16 Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness Stimulants: Drug Highs Depressants: Drug Lows Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Identifying Drug and Alcohol Problems Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 6 Learning Prologue: A Friend Named Minnie Looking Ahead Module 17: Classical Conditioning The Basics of Classical Conditioning Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior Extinction Generalization and Discrimination Beyond Traditional Classical Conditioning: Challenging Basic Assumptions Module 18: Operant Conditioning Thorndike's Law of Effect The Basics of Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcers, Negative Reinforcers, and Punishment The Pros and Cons of Punishment: Why Reinforcement Beats Punishment Schedules of Reinforcement: Timing Life's Rewards Discrimination and Generalization in Operant Conditioning Shaping: Reinforcing What Doesn't Come Naturally Applying Psychology in the 21st Century A Nose for Danger: Saving Lives by Sniffing Out Land Mines Biological Constraints on Learning: You Can't Teach an Old Dog Just Any Trick Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Using Behavior Analysis and Behavior Modification Module 19: Cognitive Approaches to Learning Latent Learning Observational Learning: Learning Through Imitation Exploring Diversity: Does Culture Influence How We Learn? Violence in Television and Video Games: Does the Media's Message Matter? Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 7 Memory Prologue: Who Am I? And Who Are You? Looking Ahead Module 20: The Foundations of Memory Sensory Memory Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Enhancing Memory: Are We on the Road to "Cosmetic Neurology"? Module 21: Recalling Long-Term Memories Retrieval Cues Levels of Processing Explicit and Implicit Memory Flashbulb Memories Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial Repressed and False Memories: Separating Truth from Fiction Autobiographical Memory: Where Past Meets Present Exploring Diversity: Are There Cross-Cultural Differences in Memory? Module 22: Forgetting: When Memory Fails Why We Forget Proactive and Retroactive Interference: The Before and After of Forgetting Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting Becoming and Informed Consumer of Psychology: Improving Your Memory Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 8 Cognition and Language Prologue: The Sky's the Limit Looking Ahead Module 23: Thinking and Reasoning Mental Images: Examining the Mind's Eye Concepts: Categorizing the World Reasoning: Making Up Your Mind Computers and Problem Solving Module 24: Problem Solving Preparation: Understanding and Diagnosing Problems Production: Generating Solutions Judgment: Evaluating the Solutions Impediments to Solutions: Why Is Problem Solving Such a Problem? Creativity and Problem Solving Applying Psychology in the 21st Century Eureka!: Understanding the Underpinnings of Creativity Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Thinking Critically and Creatively Module 25: Language Grammar: Language's Language Language Development: Developing a Way with Words Understanding Language Acquisition: Identifying the Roots of Language The Influence of Language on Thinking: Do Eskimos Have More Words for Snow Than Texans Do? Do Animals Use Language? Exploring Diversity: Teaching with Linguistic Variety: Bilingual Education Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 9 Intelligence Prologue: Chris Burke and Sho Yano Looking Ahead Module 26: What Is Intelligence? Theories of Intelligence: Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? The Biological Basis of Intelligence Practical and Emotional Intelligence: Toward a More Intelligent View of Intelligence Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: How You Think About Intelligence Helps Determine Your Success Assessing Intelligence Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Scoring Better on Standardized Tests Module 27: Variations in Intellectual Ability Mental Retardation The Intellectually Gifted Module 28: Group Differences in Intelligence: Genetic and Environmental Determinants Exploring Diversity: The Relative Influence of Genetics and Environment: Nature, Nurture, and IQ; Placing the Heredity-Environment Question in Perspective Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion Prologue: Tour de Lance Looking Ahead Module 29: Explaining Motivation Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction Incentive Approaches: Motivation's Pull Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation Maslow's Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs Applying the Different Approaches to Motivation Module 30: Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating Eating Disorders Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Dieting and Losing Weight Successfully The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success The Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship The Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others Module 31: Understanding Emotional Experiences The Functions of Emotions Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings The Roots of Emotions Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: The Truth About Lies: Detecting Deception in Terrorists and Your Next Door Neighbor Module 32: Nonverbal Behavior and the Expression of Emotions Exploring Diversity: Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly? The Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Smile, Though You're Feeling Blue Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 11 Sexuality and Gender Prologue: One Event, Two Perspectives Looking Ahead Module 33: Gender and Sex Gender Roles: Society's Expectations for Women and Men Gender Differences: More Similar Than Dissimilar Sources of Gender Differences: Where Biology and Society Meet Module 34: Understanding Human Sexual Response: The Facts of Life The Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior Psychological Aspects of Sexual Excitement: What Turns People On? The Phases of Sexual Response: The Ups;and Downs of Sex Exploring Diversity: Female Circumcision: A Celebration of Culture—or Genital Mutilation? Module 35: The Diversity of Sexual Behavior Approaches to Sexual Normality Surveying Sexual Behavior: What's Happening Behind Closed Doors? Masturbation: Solitary Sex Heterosexuality Homosexuality and Bisexuality Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Sexual Orientation: How Genes Matter Transexualism Module 36: Sexual Difficulties: When Sex Goes Wrong Rape Childhood Sexual Abuse Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Sexual Problems Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Lowering the Risks of Date Rape Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 12 Development Prologue: Test-Tube Baby Birthday Looking Ahead Module 37: Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue Determining the Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture Developmental Research Techniques Module 38: Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth The Basics of Genetics Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Gene Therapy, and the Coming Medical Revolution The Earliest Development Module 39: Infancy and Childhood The Extraordinary Newborn The Growing Child: Infancy through Middle Childhood Module 40: Adolescence: Becoming an Adult Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent Moral and Cognitive Development: Distinguishing Right from Wrong Social Development: Finding Oneself in a Social World Exploring Diversity: Rites of Passage: Coming of Age around the World Module 41: Adulthood Physical Development: The Peak of Health Social Development: Working at Life Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties The Later Years of Life: Growing Old Physical Changes in Late Adulthood: The Aging Body Cognitive Changes: Thinking About—and During—Late Adulthood The Social World of Late Adulthood: Old but Not Alone Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Adjusting to Death Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 13 Personality Prologue: The Dapper Don Looking Ahead Module 42: Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud Module 43: Trait, Learning, Biological, Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality Learning Approaches: We Are What We've Learned Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: The Downside of High Self-Esteem Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality? Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You Comparing Approaches to Personality Module 44: Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive Exploring Diversity: Should Race and Ethnicity Be Used to Establish Norms? Self-Report Measures of Personality Projective Methods Behavioral Assessment Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Assessing Personality Assessments Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 14 Health Psychology: Stress, Coping, and Well-Being Prologue: So Much To Do, So Little Time To Do It Looking Ahead Module 45: Stress and Coping Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge Coping with Stress Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Effective Coping Strategies Module 46: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being The A's, B's, and D's of Coronary Heart Disease Psychological Aspects of Cancer Smoking Applying Psychology in the 21st Century; The Value of Social Support: Sick and Lonely—Why the Two Go Together Exploring Diversity: Hucksters of Death: Promoting Smoking Throughout the World Module 47: Promoting Health and Wellness Following Medical Advice Well-Being and Happiness Looking Ahead Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 15 Psychological Disorders Prologue: Chamique Holdsclaw Looking Ahead Module 48: Normal Versus Abnormal: Making the Distinction Defining Abnormality Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Terrorist Suicide Bombers: Normal or Abnormal? Perspectives on Abnormality: From Superstition to Science Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The;ABCs of DSM Module 49: The Major Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Childhood Disorders Other Disorders Module 50: Psychological Disorders in Perspective Prevalence of Psychological Disorders: The Mental State of the Union The Social and Cultural Context of Psychological Disorders Exploring Diversity: DSM and Culture—and the Culture of DSM Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Deciding When You Need Help Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Prologue: Conquering Schizophrenia Looking Ahead Module 51: Psychotherapy: Psychodynamic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches to Treatment Psychodynamic Approaches to Therapy Behavioral Approaches to Therapy Cognitive Approaches to Therapy Module 52: Psychotherapy: Humanistic, Interpersonal, and Group Approaches to Treatment Humanistic Therapy Interpersonal Therapy Group Therapy Evaluating Psychotherapy: Does Therapy Work? Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Virtual-Reality Therapy: Facing the Images of Fear Exploring Diversity: Racial and Ethnic Factors in Treatment: Should Therapists Be Color-Blind? Module 53: Biomedical Therapy: Biological Approaches to Treatment Drug Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Psychosurgery Biomedical Therapies in Perspective Community Psychology: Focus on Prevention Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Choosing the Right Therapist Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Chapter 17 Social Psychology Prologue: Everyday Hero Looking Ahead Module 54: Attitudes and Social Cognition Persuasion: Changing Attitudes Social Cognition: Understanding Others Exploring Diversity: Attributions in a Cultural Context: How Fundamental Is the Fundamental Attribution Error? Module 55: Social Influence Conformity: Following What Others Do Compliance: Submitting to Direct Social Pressure Obedience: Following Direct Orders Module 56; Prejudice and Discrimination Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: Fighting Stereotype Threat The Foundations of Prejudice Reducing the Consequences of Prejudice and Discrimination Module 57: Positive and Negative Social Behavior Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships Aggression and Prosocial Behavior: Hurting and Helping Others Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Dealing Effectively with Anger Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue Appendix Going by the Numbers: Statistics in Psychology Prologue: Selma Vorwerk Looking Ahead Module 58: Descriptive Statistics The Mean: Finding the Average The Median: Finding the Middle The Mode: Finding What Is Most Frequent Comparing the Three M's: Mean versus Median versus Mode Module 59: Measures of Variability The Range: Highest Minus Lowest The Standard Deviation: Differences from the Mean Module 60: Using Statistics to Answer Questions: Inferential Statistics and Correlation The Correlation Coefficient: Measuring Relationships Looking Back Psychology on the Web Epilogue |