| altruism | Motivation to help others without expectation of reward; may involve self-denial or self-sacrifice.
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| authoritarian | In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.
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| authoritative | In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style blending respect for a child's individuality with an effort to instill social values.
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| constructive play | In Piaget's and Smilansky's terminology, second cognitive level of play, involving use of objects or materials to make something; also called object play.
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| corporal punishment | Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.
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| discipline | Methods of molding children's character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior.
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| dramatic play | Play involving imaginary people or situations; also called fantasy play, pretend play, or imaginative play.
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| formal games with rules | organized games with known procedures, and penalties.
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| functional play | In Piaget's and Smilansky's terminology, lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements; also called locomotor play.
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| gender constancy | Awareness that one will always be male or female. Also called sex-category constancy.
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| gender identity | Awareness, developed in early childhood, that one is male or female.
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| gender roles | Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for each sex; differs for males and females.
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| gender stereotypes | Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.
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| gender-schema theory | Theory, proposed by Bem, that children socialize themselves in their gender roles by developing a mentally organized network of information about what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.
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| gender-typing | Socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.
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| ideal self | Self one would like to be.
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| identification | In Freudian theory, process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the parent of the same sex.
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| inductive techniques | Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child's sense of reason and fairness.
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| initiative versus guilt | Erikson's third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out.
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| instrumental aggression | Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.
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| overt, or direct, aggression | Aggression that is openly directed at its target.
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| permissive | In Baumrind's terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation.
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| power assertion | Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.
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| prosocial behavior | Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.
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| psychological aggression | Verbal attack by a parent that may result in psychological harm to a child.
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| real self | Self one actually is.
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| relational, or social, aggression | Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person's relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being; can be overt or covert.
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| representational mappings | In neo-Piagetian terminology, second stage in development of self-definition, in which a child makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms.
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| self-concept | Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits.
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| self-definition | Cluster of characteristics used to describe oneself.
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| self-efficacy | Sense of capability to master challenges and achieve goals.
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| self-esteem | Judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth.
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| single representations | In neo-Piagetian terminology, first stage in development of self-definition, in which children describe themselves in terms of individual, unconnected characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms.
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| social cognitive theory | Albert Bandura's expansion of social learning theory; holds that children learn gender roles through socialization.
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| theory of sexual selection | Darwinian theory, which holds that selection of sexual partners is influenced by the differing reproductive pressures that early men and women confronted in the struggle for survival of the species.
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| withdrawal of love | Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.
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