| acceleration | Approach to educating the gifted that moves them through the curriculum at an unusually rapid pace.
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| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | Syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity.
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| bilingual | Fluent in two languages.
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| bilingual education | System of teaching non-English-speaking children in their native language while they learn English and later switching to all-English instruction.
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| class inclusion | Understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts.
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| componential element | Sternberg's term for the analytic aspect of intelligence.
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| concrete operations | Third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (approximately from ages 7 to 12), during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking.
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| contextual element | Sternberg's term for the practical aspect of intelligence.
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| convergent thinking | Thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem.
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| cultural bias | Tendency of intelligence tests to include items calling for knowledge or skills more familiar or meaningful to some cultural groups than to others.
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| culture-fair | Describing an intelligence test that deals with experiences common to various cultures, in an attempt to avoid cultural bias.
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| culture-free | Describing an intelligence test that, if it were possible to design, would have no culturally linked content.
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| culture-relevant | Describing an intelligence test that takes into account the adaptive tasks, children face in their culture.
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| decoding | Process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from longterm memory.
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| deductive reasoning | Type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class.
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| divergent thinking | Thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.
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| dyslexia | Developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age.
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| elaboration | Mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered.
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| English-immersion | Approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English.
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| enrichment | Approach to educating the gifted that broadens and deepens knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring.
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| executive function | Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.
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| experiential element | Sternberg's term for the insightful aspect of intelligence.
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| external memory aids | Mnemonic strategies using something outside the person.
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| horizontal décalage | Piaget's term for inability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types, which causes a child to master different types of conservation tasks at different ages.
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| inductive reasoning | Type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class.
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| learning disabilities (LDs) | Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement.
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| mental retardation | Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning.
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| metacognition | Awareness of one's own mental processes.
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| metamemory | Understanding of processes of memory.
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| mnemonic strategies | Techniques to aid memory.
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| organization | Mnemonic strategy of categorizing material to be remembered.
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| Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8) | Group intelligence test for kindergarten through twelfth grade.
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| phonetic, or code-emphasis, approach | Approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words.
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| pragmatics | Practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.
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| rehearsal | Mnemonic strategy to keep an item in working memory through conscious repetition.
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| seriation | Ability to order items along a dimension.
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| social capital | Family and community resources on which a person or family can draw.
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| social promotion | Policy of automatically promoting children even if they do not meet academic standards.
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| tacit knowledge | Sternberg's term for information that is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead.
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| theory of multiple intelligences | Gardner's theory that each person has several distinct forms of intelligence.
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| transitive inference | Understanding of the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object.
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| triarchic theory of intelligence | Sternberg's theory describing three types of intelligence: componential (analytical ability), experiential (insight and originality), and contextual (practical thinking).
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| two-way (dual-language) learning | Approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non-English speakers learn together in their own and each other's languages.
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| visually based retrieval | Process of retrieving the sound of a printed word upon seeing the word as a whole.
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| Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) | Individual intelligence test for school children that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined
score.
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| whole-language approach | Approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues.
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