| art therapy | Therapeutic approach that allows a child to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media.
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| behavior therapy | Therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification.
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| bullying | Aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, and defenseless.
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| childhood depression | Mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide.
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| conduct disorder (CD) | Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others.
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| coregulation | Transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation.
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| drug therapy | Administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders.
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| family therapy | Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning.
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| generalized anxiety disorder | Anxiety not focused on any single target.
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| hostile aggression | Aggressive behavior intended to hurt another person.
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| hostile attribution bias | Tendency for someone to perceive others as trying to hurt him or her and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense.
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| individual psychotherapy | Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one.
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| industry versus inferiority | Erikson's fourth critical alternative of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority.
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| instrumental aggression | Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder | Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors.
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| oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) | Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance.
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| play therapy | Therapeutic approach in which a child plays freely while a therapist observes and occasionally comments, asks questions, or makes suggestions.
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| prejudice | Unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups.
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| protective factors | Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.
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| representational systems | In neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and the integration and assessment of various aspects of the self.
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| resilient children | Children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events.
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| school phobia | Unrealistic fear of going to school; may be a form of separation anxiety disorder or social phobia.
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| separation anxiety disorder | Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a child is attached.
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| social phobia | Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations.
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