| anoxia | Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage.
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| Apgar scale | Standard measurement of a Newborn's condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
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| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) | Neurological and behavioral test to measure a neonate's responses to the environment.
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| cesarean delivery | Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.
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| electronic fetal monitoring | Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery.
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| imprinting | Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother.
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| low birth weight | Weight of less than 51⁄2 pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date.
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| mother-infant bond | Mother's feeling of close, caring connection with her newborn.
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| natural, or prepared, childbirth | Methods of childbirth that seek to reduce or eliminate use of drugs, enable both parents to participate fully, and control perceptions of pain.
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| neonatal jaundice | Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of the liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.
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| neonatal period | First four weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
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| neonate | Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.
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| parturition | Process of uterine, cervical, and other changes, usually lasting about two weeks, preceding childbirth.
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| postmature | Referring to a fetus not yet born as of 42 weeks' gestation.
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| preterm (premature) infants | Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.
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| protective factors | Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.
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| small-for-date (small-for-gestational-age) infants | Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.
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| state of arousal | Infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.
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| stillbirth | Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.
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