| A, not-B, error | Tendency for 8- to 12-monthold infants to search for a hidden object in a place where they previously found it rather than in the place where they most recently saw it being hidden.
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| Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development | Standardized test of infants 'and toddlers' mental and motor development.
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| behaviorist approach | Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning.
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| child-directed speech (CDS) | Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese.
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| circular reactions | Piaget's term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance.
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| classical conditioning | Learning based on association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.
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| code mixing | Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken.
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| code switching | Changing one's speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual.
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| cognitive neuroscience approach | Study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities.
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| cross-modal transfer | Ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another.
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| deferred imitation | Piaget's term for reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it.
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| dishabituation | Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus.
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| Dual representation hypothesis | Proposal that children under the age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time.
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| early intervention | Systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children's developmental needs.
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| elicited imitation | Research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before.
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| explicit memory | Intentional and conscious memory, generally of facts, names, and events; sometimes called declarative memory.
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| guided participation | Participation of an adult in a child's activity in a manner that helps to structure the activity and to bring the child's understanding of it closer to that of the adult.
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| habituation | Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response.
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| holophrase | Single word that conveys a complete thought.
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| Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) | Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children's cognitive growth.
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| implicit memory | Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural memory.
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| information-processing approach | Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information.
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| intelligent behavior | Behavior that is goal oriented and adaptive to circumstances and conditions of life.
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| invisible imitation | Imitation with parts of one's body that one cannot see.
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| IQ (intelligence quotient) tests | Psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test taker's performance with standardized norms.
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| language | Communication system based on words and grammar.
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| language acquisition device (LAD) | In Chomsky's terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.
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| linguistic speech | Verbal expression designed to convey meaning.
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| literacy | Ability to read and write.
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| nativism | Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition.
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| object permanence | Piaget's term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight.
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| operant conditioning | Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences.
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| Piagetian approach | Approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning.
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| prelinguistic speech | Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning.
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| psychometric approach | Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure the quantity of intelligence a person possesses.
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| representational ability | Piaget's term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events.
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| schemes | Piaget's term for organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations.
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| sensorimotor stage | In Piaget's theory, first stage in cognitive development, during which infants learn through senses and motor activity.
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| social-contextual approach | Approach to the study of cognitive development by focusing on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers.
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| syntax | Rules for forming sentences in a particular language.
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| telegraphic speech | Early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words.
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| violation-of-expectations | Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.
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| visible imitation | Imitation with parts of one's body that one can see.
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| visual preference | Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another.
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| visual recognition memory | Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time.
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| working memory | Short-term storage of information being actively processed.
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