| ambivalent (resistant) attachment | Pattern in which an infant becomes anxious before the primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset during his or her absence, and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return.
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| attachment | Reciprocal, enduring tie between two people—especially between infant and caregiver—each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship.
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| autonomy versus shame and doubt | Erikson's second stage in psychosocial development, in which children achieve a balance between self-determination and control by others.
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| avoidant attachment | Pattern in which an infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact upon his or her return.
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| basic trust versus basic mistrust | Erikson's first crisis in psychosocial development, in which infants develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects.
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| committed compliance | Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses.
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| conscience | Internal standards of behavior, which usually control one's conduct and produce emotional discomfort when violated.
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| difficult children | Children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses.
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| disorganized disoriented attachment | Pattern in which an infant, after separation from the primary caregiver, shows contradictory behaviors upon his or her return.
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| easy children | Children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences.
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| egocentrism | Piaget's term for inability to consider another person's point of view; a characteristic of young children's thought.
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| emotions | Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.
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| empathy | Ability to put oneself in another person's place and feel what the other person feels.
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| gender | Significance of being male or female.
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| gender-typing | Socialization process whereby children, at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles.
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| goodness of fit | Appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child's temperament.
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| internalization | During socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.
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| mutual regulation | Process by which infant and caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately.
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| receptive cooperation | Kochanska's term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
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| secure attachment | Pattern in which an infant cries or protests when the primary caregiver leaves and actively seeks out the caregiver upon his or her return.
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| self-awareness | Realization that one's existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things.
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| self-concept | Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one's abilities and traits.
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| self-conscious emotions | Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness.
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| self-evaluative emotions | Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior.
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| self-regulation | A person's independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations.
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| separation anxiety | Distress shown by someone, typically an infant, when a familiar caregiver leaves.
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| situational compliance | Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control.
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| slow-to-warm-up children | Children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences.
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| social cognition | Ability to understand that other people have mental states and to gauge their feelings and intentions.
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| Social referencing | Understanding an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person's perception of it.
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| socialization | Development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society.
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| "still-face" paradigm | Research procedure used to measure mutual regulation in infants 2 to 9 months old.
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| Strange Situation | Laboratory technique used to study infant attachment.
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| stranger anxiety | Wariness of strange people and places, shown by some infants during the second half of the first year.
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| temperament | Characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations.
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