| anoxia | Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage. 116
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| Apgar scale | Standard measurement of a newborn's condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration. 117
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| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) | Neurological and behavioral test to measure a neonate's responses to the environment. 118
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| cesarean delivery | Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus. 112
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| electronic fetal monitoring | Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery. 111
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| imprinting | Instinctive form of learning in which, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees, usually the mother. 18, 127
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| kangaroo care | Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother's breasts. 123
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| low-birth-weight babies | Infants who weight less than 5½ pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date. 121
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| mother-infant bond | Mother's feeling of close, caring connection with her newborn. 127
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| natural, or prepared, childbirth | Method of childbirth that seeks to reduce or eliminate the use of drugs, enable both parents to participate fully, and control perceptions of pain. 113
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| neonatal jaundice | Condition in many newborn babies caused by immaturity of the liver and evidenced by a yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly. 117
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| neonatal period | First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence. 114
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| neonate | Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old. 114
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| parturition | Process of uterine, cervical, and other changes, usually lasting about 2 weeks preceding childbirth. 110
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| postmature | A fetus not yet born as of 42 weeks' gestation. 125
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| preterm (premature) infants | Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation. 121
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| protective factors | Factors that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes. 126, 388
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| small-for-date (small-for-gestational-age) infants | Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age as a result of slow fetal growth. 121
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| state of arousal | Infant's physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity. 119
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| stillbirth | Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation. 125
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