| Aristotle | Plato's most distinguished pupil to whom we owe the term metaphysics.
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| Efficient cause | One of Aristotle's four kinds of causes - specifically, the agency that initiates a change, the "doer" of action.
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| Existence and essence/substance | The first judgment to be made regarding a thing is whether or not it exists, then about its substance and characteristics.
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| Final cause | One of Aristotle's four kind of causes - specifically, the ultimate purpose for which something happens.
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| Formal cause | For Aristotle, the form of a thing; that which answers the question What is the thing?
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| Genus | Aristotle sought to define things by determining how a thing is similar to other things.
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| Logic | The study of the methods, principles, and criteria of correct reasoning.
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| Material cause | For Aristotle, the matter or stuff out of which something is made.
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| Nous | The third soul, or the intelligent or spiritual soul.
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| Psyche | The soul is the form of the body and that which prevents humans from falling apart.
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| Realism | The theory that universals exist outside the mind.
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| Specific difference (or species) | Aristotle sought to define things by determining how a thing is specifically different than other things.
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| Third Man argument | Aristotle's criticism of Plato's Theory of Forms, according to which there must be a third thing that ties together a form with the particular things that exemplify it.
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| Universal | That which is denoted by a general word, a word (such as "chair") that applies to more than a single thing.
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