After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Define violence and distinguish it from related behaviors such as aggression and intimidation.
Identify historical trends in on-the-field violence and spectator violence.
Identify and distinguish between the four major types of violence in sports.
Explain the conditions under which violence in sports involves deviant overconformity.
Explain the connections between violence in sports and the following: commercialization, masculinity, social class, and race.
Describe wheelchair rugby and how it challenges and reproduces widespread ideas about disability and masculinity, respectively.
Explain when and how athletes learn to use violence as a strategy in sports.
Identify strategies that might be used to control on-the-field violence among athletes.
Summarize research on whether violent strategies used in sports carry over to the rest of athletes’ lives.
Summarize research on the connection between playing sports and assault and sexual assault rates among athletes, and discuss hypotheses about male athletes’ violence against women.
Explain the relationship between violence in sports and gender ideology in society.
Know when spectator violence is most likely to occur at sport events.
Identify the crowd dynamics and situational factors related to spectator violence.
Identify the major strategies that might be used to control spectator violence.
Discuss past cases of terrorism at sport events, and explain how terrorist threats influence sport events today.
