| motivation | The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
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| instincts | Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned.
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| drive-reduction approaches to motivation | Theories suggesting that a lack of a basic biological requirement such as water produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive).
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| drive | Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
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| homeostasis | The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
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| arousal approaches to motivation | The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity increasing or reducing them as necessary.
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| incentive approaches to motivation | Theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals, or incentives.
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| cognitive approaches to motivation | Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals-their cognitions.
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| self-actualization | A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way.
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| obesity | Body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height.
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| weight set point | The particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain.
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| metabolism | The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.
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| anorexia nervosa | A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton-like-are unusual.
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| bulimia | A disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.
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| need for achievement | A stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence.
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| need for affiliation | An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
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| need for power | A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as a powerful individual.
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| emotions | Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior.
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| James-Lange theory of emotion | The belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation ("I feel sad because I am crying").
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| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion | The belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.
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| Schachter-Singer theory of emotion | The belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.
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| facial-affect program | Activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression.
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| facial-feedback hypothesis | The hypothesis that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions.
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