| consciousness | The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment.
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| stage 1 sleep | The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.
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| stage 2 sleep | A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles".
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| stage 3 sleep | A sleep characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep.
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| stage 4 sleep | The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.
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| rapid eye movement (REM) sleep | Sleep occupying 20% of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming.
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| unconscious wish fulfillment theory | Sigmund Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.
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| latent content of dreams | According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects.
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| manifest content of dreams | According to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams.
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| dreams-for-survival theory | The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep.
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| activation-synthesis theory | Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain.
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| circadian rhythms | Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle.
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| daydreams | Fantasies that people construct while awake.
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| hypnosis | A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.
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| meditation | A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness.
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| psychoactive drugs | Drugs that influence a person's emotions, perceptions, and behavior.
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| addictive drugs | Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to a craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible.
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| stimulants | Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.
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| depressants | Drugs that slow down the nervous system.
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| narcotics | Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.
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| hallucinogen | A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process.
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