Fill in the Blanks


1		is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.


2		"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated" is known as Thorndike's .


3		is the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.


4		A(n) is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response; a(n) refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal from the environment leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will occur again in the future.


5		Punishment by of a negative stimulus decreases or reduces the frequency of behavior, whereas punishment by of a positive stimulus also decreases the frequency of behavior.


6		Although learning occurs more rapidly under a(n) reinforcement schedule, behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a(n) reinforcement schedule.


7		In , you start by reinforcing any behavior that is at all similar to the behavior you want the person to learn. Later, you reinforce only responses that are closer to the behavior you ultimately want to teach. Finally, you reinforce only the desired response.


8		is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.