| intelligence | The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.
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| g or g-factor | The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence.
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| fluid intelligence | Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory.
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| crystallized intelligence | The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem-solving situations.
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| theory of multiple intelligences | Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence.
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| practical intelligence | According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living.
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| emotional intelligence | The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.
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| intelligence tests | Tests devised to quantify a person's level of intelligence.
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| mental age | The age for which a given level of performance is average or typical.
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| intelligence quotient (IQ) | A score that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological ages.
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| reliability | The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure.
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| validity | The property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure.
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| norms | Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test.
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| mental retardation (or intellectual disability) | A condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
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| fetal alcohol syndrome | The most common cause of mental retardation in newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy.
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| familial retardation | Mental retardation in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of retardation in the family.
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| intellectually gifted | The 2%-4% of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130.
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| culture-fair IQ test | A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group.
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| heritability | A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic, inherited factors.
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