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| 1 | |
If a researcher wants to determine how a particular behaviour is learned over time, it is most useful to use |
| | A) | an experiment. |
| | B) | a longitudinal study. |
| | C) | a cross-sectional study. |
| | D) | a sequential design study. |
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| 2 | |
Individuals typically begin to develop formal operational thinking at about the same time as |
| | A) | they have mastered walking. |
| | B) | they are concerned with contributing to family and society. |
| | C) | they acquire conventional concepts of morality. |
| | D) | they enter puberty. |
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| 3 | |
Dr. Jones does a study which compares reading skills in four groups of children, who are aged four, six, eight and ten. This study is an example of |
| | A) | an experiment. |
| | B) | a longitudinal study. |
| | C) | a cross-sectional study. |
| | D) | a sequential design study. |
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| 4 | |
Fourteen year-olds are generally much better at evaluating complex moral issues than are ten year-olds. Prof. Jones believes this is due to a change to making relative rather than absolute judgments, while Prof. Smith believes it is simply a result of greater experience. Their disagreement is about the______________ of development. |
| | A) | continuity-discontinuity |
| | B) | generality vs. specificity |
| | C) | innate vs. learned basis |
| | D) | confounding |
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| 5 | |
Piaget believed that most aspects of cognitive development could be understood in terms of the processes of assimilation and accommodation. This represents an example of |
| | A) | a domain-specific model. |
| | B) | a domain-general model. |
| | C) | equilibration. |
| | D) | maturation. |
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| 6 | |
Johnny recognises that when you combine two lumps of clay, the amount of clay remains the same, even though the shape changes. This indicates Johnny has reached the ________ of thinking in Piaget's theory. |
| | A) | sensorimotor |
| | B) | preoperational |
| | C) | concrete operations |
| | D) | formal operations |
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| 7 | |
Finding greater similarities between fraternal twins than between other siblings is likely a reflection of |
| | A) | the influence of heredity. |
| | B) | the influence of the environment. |
| | C) | maturation. |
| | D) | maturation. |
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| 8 | |
An optimal time during development for particular experiences to occur is called |
| | A) | a crisis point. |
| | B) | a critical period. |
| | C) | an assimilation stage. |
| | D) | an innate learning point. |
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| 9 | |
Sally has always been shy; her sister Sarah has always been very out-going. According to the ________ approach, this difference is likely based on innate factors. |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | cognitive |
| | C) | behaviourist |
| | D) | humanistic |
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| 10 | |
Jim's parents have always praised him for being honest, and punished him when he was dishonest. If Jim normally behaves honestly, a behaviourist would explain this in terms of |
| | A) | classical conditioning. |
| | B) | history of reinforcement. |
| | C) | non-contingent reinforcement. |
| | D) | extinction. |
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| 11 | |
Prof. Ikeda believes that children's development is heavily influenced by imitating others, such as parents and peers. This suggests that Prof. Ikeda supports the _________ approach. |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | behaviourist |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | psychodynamic |
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| 12 | |
Freud believed that personality was determined |
| | A) | by heredity alone. |
| | B) | during a continuous process. |
| | C) | according to a domain specific theory. |
| | D) | None of the above |
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| 13 | |
Theories based on the biological approach have suggested that gender roles are heavily influenced by |
| | A) | androgens. |
| | B) | feelings about one's gender identity. |
| | C) | an individual's schemata. |
| | D) | stereotypes. |
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| 14 | |
Studies suggest that North American children have ideas about differences in how men and women dress and act by the time they are 2; such ideas are supportive of the __________ approach to gender roles. |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | behaviourist |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | humanistic |
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| 15 | |
Research on gender roles and stereotypes suggests that |
| | A) | stereotypes no longer influence individuals' ideas about gender roles. |
| | B) | the importance of stereotypes increases as individuals enter their 20s. |
| | C) | gender stereotypes have remained relatively consistent over the past 30 years. |
| | D) | stereotypes of women are more rigid than for men. |
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