Chapter Summary

Chapter 3: Logic and Language

3.1 Describes the difference between statements and propositions as well as the difference between cognitive meaning and emotive force. Explains how emotive force can cover up the absence of argument (or obscure the flaws in argument).

3.2 Explains how definitions can be used to cope with two factors that often interfere with clear thinking: ambiguity and vagueness. Both extensional and intensional definitions are discussed. Four types of intensional definitions are highlighted: lexical, stipulative, precising, and theoretical definitions. The technique of definition by Genus and Difference is emphasized as a means of clarifying one's terms.

3.3 Explains how to identify and expose equivocations, merely verbal disputes, and persuasive definitions.