Table of Contents

Preface

1. Explaining Behavior / Exploring the Causes of Behavior / Explaining Behavior / When Scientific Explanations Fail / Methods of Inquiry / Translating the Scientific Method into Practice: The Research Process

2. Developing Ideas for Research: Developing, Testing, and Evaluating Theories of Behavior / Sources of Research Ideas / Developing Good Research Questions / What is a Theory? / Types of Theory / Roles of Theory in Science / Characteristics of a Good Theory / Developing Theories / Confirmation and Disconfirmation of Theories / Theory-Driven Versus Data-Driven Research

3. Reviewing the Scientific Literature / Reasons for Reviewing the Literature / Sources of Research Information / Performing Library Research / Reading Research Reports / Fraud and the Role of Values in the Research Process / Developing Hypotheses

4. Choosing a Research Design / Functions of a Research Design / Causal Versus Correlational Relationships / Correlational Research / Experimental Research / Internal and External Validity / Research Settings

5. Making Systematic Observations / Deciding What to Observe / Choosing Specific Variables for Your Study / Choosing Your Measures / Choosing When to Observe / The Reactive Nature of Psychological Measurement / Automating Your Experiments / Detecting and Correcting Problems

6. Choosing and Using Subjects / Using Subjects: General Considerations / Considerations When Using Human Participants / Acquiring Human Participants for Research / Voluntary Participation and Validity / Research Using Deception / Considerations When Using Animals as Subjects in Research

7. Using Nonexperimental Research / Conducting Observational Research / Qualitative Approaches / Naturalistic Observation / Ethnography / Sociometry / The Case History / Archival Research / Content Analysis / Meta-Analysis: A Tool for Comparing Results Across Studies

8. Using Survey Research / Survey Research / Designing Your Questionnaire / Administering Your Questionnaire / Assessing the Reliability of _a Questionnaire / Assessing the Validity of a Questionnaire / Acquiring a Sample for Your Survey

9. Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Experimental Designs / Types of Experimental Design / The Problem of Error Variance in Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs / Between-Subjects Designs / Within-Subjects Designs / Designs With Two or More Independent Variables / Designs With Two or More Dependent Variables / Confounding and Experimental Design

10. Using Specialized Research Designs / Combining Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs / Combining Experimental and Correlational Designs / Quasi-Experimental Designs / Pretest-Posttest Designs / Developmental Designs

11. Using Single-Subject Designs / A Little History / Baseline Versus Discrete Trials Designs / Baseline Designs / Discrete Trials Designs / Inferential Statistics and Single-Subject Designs / Advantages and Disadvantages of the Single-Subject Approach

12. Describing Data / Descriptive Statistics and Exploratory Data Analysis / Organizing Your Data / Graphing Your Data / The Frequency _Distribution / Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Center and Spread / Measures of Association, Regression, and Related Topics

13. Using Inferential Statistics / Inferential Statistics: Basic Concepts / The Logic Behind Inferential Statistics / Parametric Statistics / Nonparametric Statistics / Special Topics in Inferential Statistics

14. Using Multivariate Design and Analysis / Experimental and Correlational Multivariate Designs / Assumptions and Requirements of Multivariate Statistics / Multivariate Statistical Tests / Multivariate Analysis: A Cautionary Note

15. Reporting Your Research Results / APA Writing Style / Writing an APA-Style Paper / Expression, Organization, and Style / Submitting a Paper for Publication / Paper Presentations

Appendix: Statistical Tables

Glossary

References

Text Credits

Name Index

Subject Index