Please select the best answer for each question.

1		Long-term patterns of evolution are known as
			A)	microevolution
			B)	macroevolution
			C)	creationism
			D)	equilibrium
2		The biological species concept defines species in terms of
			A)	appearance
			B)	evolutionary history
			C)	geography
			D)	reproductive capability
3		Branching evolution, where new species branch off from an original species, is known as
			A)	cladogenesis
			B)	anagenesis
			C)	speciation
			D)	both a and b
4		Reproductive isolation followed by genetic divergence leads to the formation of new species. This genetic divergence is caused by
			A)	mutation
			B)	genetic drift
			C)	natural selection
			D)	all of the above
5		Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two models for evolutionary change. They describe what aspect of evolution?
			A)	tempo
			B)	causal factors
			C)	environment
			D)	a and c
6		A possible cause for the extinction of a species is
			A)	genetic variation within the species
			B)	rapid ecological change
			C)	reproductive isolation
			D)	a and c
7		The age of a biological structure does not affect its relative usefulness to an organism. This refutes what common misconception?
			A)	bigger is better
			B)	newer is better
			C)	natural selection always works
			D)	There is an inevitable direction in evolution
8		Evolution often involves nonlinear change, and sometimes reversals in trends rather than continuation in a given direction. This principle refutes what common misconception?
			A)	bigger is better
			B)	newer is better
			C)	natural selection always works
			D)	there is an inevitable direction in evolution
9		Evolutionary change always has costs and benefits, and a characteristic will have both adaptive and nonadaptive aspects. This refutes what common misconception?
			A)	bigger is better
			B)	newer is better
			C)	natural selection always works
			D)	There is an inevitable direction in evolution
10		Natural selection can only work on genetic variation that already exists, and in situations where environmental change is not too rapid. This principle refutes what common misconception?
			A)	bigger is better
			B)	newer is better
			C)	natural selection always works
			D)	There is an inevitable direction in evolution
11		Which of the following statements is true?
			A)	Natural selection always produces perfect structures.
			B)	Men’s nipples were once functional in the human past.
			C)	The protruding modern human chin was once functional in the human past.
			D)	the protruding modern human chin is a neutral byproduct of other adaptive changes in the face.
12		According to the “Cosmic Calendar”, humans appeared
			A)	October 4
			B)	December 24
			C)	9 p.m. on December 31
			D)	11:59:35 on December 31
13		Major events of the Precambrian eon (4 billion to 545 million years ago) are the origin of life, the development of single-celled organisms, and
			A)	fossilized preservation of the earliest life
			B)	development of multi-celled organisms
			C)	development of the first vertebrates
			D)	colonization of the land by living organisms
14		Mammals evolved from
			A)	reptiles
			B)	dinosaurs
			C)	an intermediate form between modern reptiles and mammals
			D)	monotremes
15		“Therapsids” is the name for a group of
			A)	dinosaurs
			B)	mammal-like reptiles
			C)	modern-day reptiles
			D)	jawless fish
16		Which of the following is true? The Paleozoic era
			A)	witnessed the colonization of the land by amphibians
			B)	witnessed the early split between modern reptiles and mammal-like reptile groups
			C)	lasted between 545 million and 245 million years ago
			D)	all of the above