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I. Types of Adaptation A. Physiologic, Genetic, and Cultural Adaptation B. Adaptation to Ultraviolet Radiation: An Example II. Climate and Human Adaptation A. Physiologic Responses to Temperature Stress 1. Cold stress 2. Heat stress B. Climate and Morphological Variation 1. The Bergmann and Allen rules 2. Body size and shape 3. Cranial size and shape 4. Nasal size and shape C. Cultural Adaptations 1. Cold stress 2. Heat stress III. High-Altitude Adaptation A. High-Altitude Stress 1. Hypoxia 2. Other stresses B. Physiologic Responses to Hypoxia C. Physical Growth in High-Altitude Populations IV. Summary V. Supplemental Readings Special Topic: Cold Nights in Tierra del Fuego |