Please select the best answer for each question.

1		Among populations living in the rain forests of South America, social and political structures have been found to act to
			A)	increase genetic drift
			B)	increase genetic diversity
			C)	increase genetic drift and increase genetic diversity
			D)	increase natural selection
2		Among anthropologists, the merging of smaller villages to form larger ones is known as
			A)	fission
			B)	fusion
			C)	exogamy
			D)	genetic drift
3		The studies of Relethford and Crawford (1995) on biological variation among Irish populations revealed what genetic pattern?
			A)	all populations across Ireland were genetically similar
			B)	Eastern and Western populations were more similar to each other than to other populations
			C)	Northern and Southern populations were more similar to each other than to other populations
			D)	Midland populations were genetically distinct from the rest of the populations
4		The genetic patterns of these Irish populations is probably due to
			A)	invasion and settlement
			B)	birth rate
			C)	genetic drift
			D)	geography
5		Genetic drift is not a likely explanation for the high frequencies of the sickle cell allele (S allele) in certain populations because
			A)	the S allele is not fatal for homozygotes
			B)	high frequencies of the S allele occur only in certain environments
			C)	mutation introduces the S allele
			D)	Natural selection eliminates the S allele
6		The Livingstone (1958) hypothesis proposes that high frequencies of the sickle cell anemia allele in malaria-ridden areas arose in response to what cultural behavior?
			A)	forestry
			B)	exogamy
			C)	irrigation
			D)	horticulture
7		A medical condition in which a pregnant woman and her fetus have incompatible blood groups is known as
			A)	sickle cell anemia
			B)	Rhesus incompatibility
			C)	thalassemia
			D)	smallpox
8		Studies on the relationship of ABO blood types to infectious diseases have shown that type A blood seems more susceptible to _____, type B blood seems more susceptible to _______, and type O seems more susceptible to _________.
			A)	thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, dwarfism
			B)	smallpox, infantile diarrhea, bubonic plague
			C)	cancer, common cold, bubonic plague
			D)	dwarfism, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
9		The variation in ABO allele frequencies in our species could be a result of the effect of natural selection on blood types. This is known as
			A)	differential fitness
			B)	susceptibility to infectious disease
			C)	susceptibility to noninfectious disease
			D)	selection against the heterozygote
10		In the Duffy blood group, the negative allele provides resistance to vivax malaria. We would therefore expect to see higher frequencies of the Duffy negative allele in areas where vivax malaria is prevalent. The actual distribution of this allele shows that it is
			A)	equally distributed around the world
			B)	found mainly in areas where vivax malaria is prevalent
			C)	found mainly in Europe
			D)	found in areas where vivax malaria is absent
11		The enzyme that allows milk sugar to be digested is called
			A)	lactose
			B)	lactase
			C)	NIDDM
			D)	none of the above
12		Lactose intolerance is rare in
			A)	European populations
			B)	the Fulani in Africa
			C)	people with a history of dairy farming
			D)	all of the above
13		Skin color is the result of
			A)	melanin
			B)	reflected color from blood vessels
			C)	foods
			D)	a and b
14		Skin color patterns around the world show that people tend to be
			A)	darkest near the equator
			B)	darkest the farthest away from the equator
			C)	darker in the Northern hemisphere
			D)	darker in areas with less UV radiation
15		Possible factors in the evolution of dark skin are
			A)	overproduction of vitamin D
			B)	synthesis of vitamin D
			C)	injury from cold
			D)	folate deficiency