Objective [1]
Identify at least four of Pfeffers people-centered practices, and define
the term management. Pfeffers seven peoplecentered practices are job
security, careful hiring, power to the people, generous pay for performance,
lots of training, less emphasis on status, and trust building. Management is
the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives
in an efficient and ethical manner. Objective [2]
Contrast McGregors Theory X and Theory Y assumptions about employees.
Theory X employees, according to traditional thinking, dislike work, require
close supervision, and are primarily interested in security. According to the
modern Theory Y view, employees are capable of selfdirection, of seeking responsibility,
and of being creative. Objective [3]
Explain the managerial significance of Demings 8515 rule, and identify
the four principles of total quality management (TQM). Deming claimed that
about 85% of organizational failures are due to system breakdowns involving
factors such as management, machinery, or work rules. He believed the workers
themselves are responsible for failures only about 15% of the time. Consequently,
Deming criticized the standard practice of blaming and punishing individuals
for what are typically system failures beyond their immediate control. The four
principles of TQM are (a) do it right the first time to eliminate costly rework;
(b) listen to and learn from customers and employees; (c) make continuous improvement
an everyday matter; and (d) build teamwork, trust, and mutual respect. Objective [4]
Contrast human and social capital and explain why we need to build both.
The first involves individual characteristics, the second involves social relationships.
Human capital is the productive potential of an individuals knowledge
and actions. Dimensions include such things as intelligence, visions, skills,
self-esteem, creativity, motivation, ethics, and emotional maturity. Social
capital is productive potential resulting from strong relationships, goodwill,
trust, and cooperative effort. Dimensions include such things as shared visions
and goals, trust, mutual respect, friendships, empowerment, teamwork, winwin
negotiations, and volunteering. Social capital is necessary to tap individual
human capital for the good of the organization through knowledge sharing and
networking. Objective [5]
Explain the impact of the positive psychology movement on the field of OB. Reversing
psychologys long-standing preoccupation with what is wrong with people,
positive psychology instead focuses on identifying and building human strengths
and potential. Accordingly, Luthans recommends positive organizational behavior
(POB) and identifies its basic elements with the CHOSE model. This acronym stands
for Confidence/selfefficacy, Hope, Optimism, Subjective well-being, and Emotional
intelligence. Objective [6]
Define the term E-business, and specify five ways the Internet is affecting
the management of people at work. E-business involves using the Internet
to more effectively and efficiently manage every aspect of a business. The Internet
is reshaping the management of people in the following areas: E-management (networking),
E-leadership, E-communication (E-mail and telecommuting), goal setting and feedback,
organizational structure (virtual teams and organizations), job design (desire
for more challenge), decision making (greater speed and employee empowerment),
knowledge management (E-learning), conflict and stress triggered by increased
speed, rapid change and inevitable conflict and resistance, and ethical problems
such as overwork and privacy issues. |